Wireless transmission system, wireless communication device and wireless transmission method

ABSTRACT

Disclosed herein is a wireless transmission system. Transmission antennas are provided on a first communication apparatus while reception antennas individually corresponding to the transmission antennas are provided on a corresponding second communication apparatus. Each reception antenna receives a desired wave from a corresponding transmission antenna as a direct wave and receives an unnecessary wave from a different transmission antenna as a direct wave. The first communication apparatus modulates only the amplitude of a carrier signal for all channels. The second communication apparatus demodulates composite waves of desired waves and unnecessary waves received by the reception antennas by envelope detection or square-law detection and carries out correction operation for the demodulation signals based on transmission characteristics of transmission spaces between the transmission and reception antennas to acquire transmission subject signals.

CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present invention is a Continuation application of application Ser.No. 12/805,875, filed on Aug. 23, 2010, which claims priority fromJapanese Patent Application JP 2009-223683 filed in the Japanese PatentOffice on Sep. 29, 2009, the entire contents of which being incorporatedherein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to a wireless transmission system (including alsoa wireless communication device implemented in one housing), a wirelesscommunication device for the reception side and a wireless communicationmethod. More particularly, the present invention relates to a mechanismwherein space division multiplexing is applied to wirelessly transmit aplurality of transmission subject signals.

2. Description of the Related Art

As a technique for implementing a high-speed signal transmission betweendifferent electronic apparatus disposed in a comparatively short range(for example, within several centimeters to ten and severalcentimeters), or within an electronic apparatus, for example, a LVDS(Low Voltage Differential Signaling) is known. However, together withfurther increase of the amount of transmission information and furtherincrease of the speed of transmission recently, increase of powerconsumption, increase of an influence of signal distortion by reflectionand so forth, increase of unnecessary radiation and so forth have becomeproblems. For example, the LVDS reaches a limit where a signal such as avideo signal (including an image pickup signal), a computer image or thelike is transmitted at a high speed (on the real time basis) in anapparatus.

As a countermeasure against the problem of increase of the speed oftransmission data, it seems a possible idea to increase the number ofwiring lines to decrease the transmission speed per one signal line byparallel transmission of signals. However, the countermeasure justdescribed gives rise to increase of the number of input and outputterminals. As a result, complication of a printed board or a cablewiring scheme, increase of the size of a semiconductor chip and so forthare required. Further, since a large amount of data is transmitted at ahigh speed along a wiring system, a problem of electromagnetic fieldinterference occurs.

All of the problems involved in the LVDS or the technique of increasingthe number of wiring lines are caused by transmission of a signalthrough an electric wiring line. Therefore, as a method for solving aproblem caused by transmission of a signal along an electric wiringline, it seems a possible idea to eliminate electric wiring lines forsignal transmission.

Also it seems a possible idea to apply space division multiplexing wherea plurality of communication units are provided on the transmission sideand the reception side to carry out duplex transmission. However, wherethe space division multiplexing is applied, an interferencecountermeasure between channels is required. It is a possible idea toapply a MIMO (Multi-Input Multi-Output) system as a technique forsolving the problem described above (refer to, for example, JapanesePatent Laid-Open No. 2009-055228, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No.2009-049632 and Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2009-33588, hereinafterreferred as Patent Documents 1 to 3, respectively).

Patent Documents 1 to 3 are directed to wireless transmission in acomparatively long range with respect to wireless transmission within anapparatus or between different apparatus and disclose application of aMIMO process in combination with an OFDM modulation method. In otherwords, the MIMO process disclosed in Patent Documents 1 to 3 dependsupon the OFDM modulation method.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

However, where wireless transmission in a comparatively short rangewithin an apparatus or between different apparatus is intended, it isconsidered that it is not always necessary to use the MIMO processtogether with the OFDM modulation method. Further, if the wavelengthbecomes short, then also an effect of directivity of an antenna isachieved. Therefore, it is considered that use of the MIMO process withthe OFDM modulation method is not required after all.

Therefore, it is desirable to provide a wireless transmission system, awireless communication device and a wireless communication methodwherein a MIMO process is applied suitably for wireless signaltransmission within an apparatus or between different apparatus.

In a wireless transmission system, a wireless communication apparatusand a wireless transmission method according to an embodiment of thepresent invention, a communication unit for transmission and acommunication unit for reception are arranged in a housing of anelectronic apparatus.

The communication unit for transmission frequency-converts atransmission subject signal with a carrier signal for modulation togenerate a modulation signal and signals the generated modulation signalto a wireless signal transmission path. Preferably, the communicationunit for transmission modulates carrier signals of the same carrierfrequency. The communication unit for reception demodulates a modulationsignal received through the wireless signal transmission path to acquirean output signal corresponding to the transmission subject signal.Preferably, the communication unit for reception uses the signalreceived through the wireless signal transmission path as an injectionsignal to generate a carrier signal for demodulation synchronized withthe carrier signal for the modulation. Then, the communication unit forreception frequency-converts the modulation signal received through thewireless signal transmission path with the carrier signal fordemodulation to acquire an output signal corresponding to thetransmission subject signal.

In short, the wireless signal transmission path is configured betweenthe communication unit for the transmission side arranged in the housingof the electronic apparatus and the communication unit on the receptionside similarly arranged in the housing of an electronic apparatus, whichmay be same or different from the electronic apparatus in which thecommunication unit on the transmission side is arranged. Then, signaltransmission is carried out by wireless between the two communicationunits.

Here, in a mechanism according to the present invention, space divisionmultiplexing is applied to wireless transmission within an apparatus orbetween different apparatus. To this end, a plurality of transmissionantennas are provided on a wireless communication device on thetransmission side, and a plurality of reception antennas are providedalso on a corresponding wireless communication device on the receptionside such that the transmission antennas and the communication antennascorrespond in a one-by-one corresponding relationship to each other.Between each corresponding antennas, a desired wave radiated from thetransmission antenna is received as a direct wave by the receptionantenna. However, between those transmission and reception antennaswhich do not correspond to each other, an unnecessary wave radiated fromthe transmission antenna is received as a direct wave by the receptionantenna.

Further, the wireless communication device on the reception side adaptsa method for modulating only the amplitude of a carrier signal for allchannels of a plurality of transmission subject signals. The wirelesscommunication device on the reception side includes a demodulationfunctional unit and a transmission characteristic correction unit. Thedemodulation functional unit demodulates modulation signals received bythe reception antennas. For the demodulation process, not thesynchronous detection but the envelope detection or the square-lawdetection circuit is adopted.

The transmission characteristic correction unit carries out a correctioncalculation process, that is, a MIMO process, based on the transmissioncharacteristic of a transmission space between the transmission antennasand the reception antennas based on the demodulation signals demodulatedby the modulation functional unit and individually corresponding to thereception antennas to acquire an output signal corresponding to thetransmission subject signal.

In short, in the mechanism according to the present invention,modulation signals of desired waves and unnecessary waves with theamplitude of the carrier signals are demodulated, received by thereception antennas, that is, composite waves of the desired waves andthe unnecessary waves, are demodulated first by envelope detection orsquare-law detection and then subjected to the MIMO process in thebaseband region. Taking the demodulation process such as envelopedetection or square-law detection on the reception side intoconsideration, a method which modulates only the amplitude is adoptedfor all channels. Further, in the mechanism according to the presentinvention, the transmission characteristic of the transmission space ishandled such that both of desired waves and unnecessary waves aredefined as direct waves which are emitted from the transmission antennasand arrive at the reception antennas and, in the MIMO process on thereception side by the transmission characteristic correction unit,inverse matrix calculation based on a matrix which defines thetransmission characteristic is carried out.

Here, the antenna arrangement is determined so as to be convenient forthe MIMO process. As a point of view in this instance, an approach ofdefining a path difference which is a difference between aninter-antenna distance of a desired wave and an inter-antenna distanceof an unnecessary wave, another approach of prescribing matrix elementswhich define transmission functions and a further approach of defining ademodulation process and the MIMO process on the reception side by thetransmission characteristic correction unit.

Where a path difference is prescribed, where the wavelength of a carriersignal is represented by λc and the phase characteristic which reliesupon the directivity of an antenna is represented by zero, the pathdifference is set to (n/2)λc as a pass condition. When a phasecharacteristic which relies upon the directivity of an antenna is found,the phase characteristic is corrected by an amount which relies upon aradiation angle of a desired wave or an unnecessary wave from atransmission antenna and an incidence angle to a corresponding receptionantenna.

If the path condition described above is replaced into the approach ofprescribing matrix elements, then this signifies that a path differenceis set such that elements of desired waves in a matrix which prescribesa transmission characteristic are represented only by a real number termwhile also elements of unnecessary waves are represented only by a realnumber term. On the other hand, if the first condition is replaced intothe approach of prescribing matrix elements by a demodulation processand a MIMO process on the reception side by the transmissioncharacteristic correction unit, then envelop detection or square-lawdetection of reception signals received by the reception antennas iscarried out first to carry out modulation without carrying outquadrature detection or synchronous detection. Then, in the transmissioncharacteristic correction, for each of the channels of the receptionchannels, correction calculation regarding the real number termscorresponding to desired signals and correction calculation regardingthe real number terms corresponding to unnecessary signals are carriedout for the demodulated demodulation components. Then, the correctedsignals regarding the real number terms corresponding to the desiredsignals and the corrected signals regarding the imaginary number termscorresponding to the unnecessary signals regarding the channels of theother reception antennas are added to acquire an output signalcorresponding to the transmission subject signals.

With the embodiment of the present invention, a mechanism suitable forwireless signal transmission between different apparatus or within anapparatus wherein the MIMO process is applied on the reception side isimplemented without using the OFDM modulation method together. Byapplying the MIMO process to the reception side, the antenna distancecan be reduced.

Since both of a desired wave and an unnecessary wave are handled asdirect waves, it becomes possible to manage the path differenceregarding the desired wave and the unnecessary wave and it becomespossible to determine the antenna arrangement so as to be convenient forthe MIMO process on the reception side. Particularly, the antennaarrangement is determined taking it into consideration that demodulationis carried out by envelope detection or square-law detection. As aresult, in comparison with an alternative case wherein the presentinvention is not applied, the calculation scale of the MIMO process canbe reduced.

Preferably, the carrier signals used for the modulation and thedemodulation use a common frequency. Where the common frequency is usedin this manner, since the influence of the carrier frequency becomessame among the different channels with certainty. Therefore, the MIMOprocess in the baseband region can be carried out with certainty andefficiently. In addition, the circuit scale for modulation anddemodulation can be reduced in comparison with that in an alternativecase wherein the carrier frequencies of the channels are different fromeach other.

The above and other features and advantages of the present inventionwill become apparent from the following description and the appendedclaims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in whichlike parts or elements denoted by like reference symbols.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a functional configuration of a signalinterface of a wireless transmission system of an embodiment of thepresent invention;

FIGS. 2A to 2E are diagrammatic views illustrating multiplexing ofsignals;

FIGS. 3A to 3C are schematic views illustrating an appropriate conditionor application condition of space division multiplexing adopted in theembodiment;

FIGS. 4A to 4F are schematic views showing a general structure of amillimeter wave signal transmission path for applying the space divisionmultiplexing;

FIGS. 5A to 5C are block diagrams illustrating a configurational exampleof a modulation functional unit and a demodulation functional unit in acommunication processing channel;

FIGS. 6A to 6D are block diagrams illustrating a basic mechanism forachieving moderation of an interference countermeasure in therelationship between multi-channeling and space division multiplexing;

FIGS. 7A and 7B are diagrammatic views illustrating calculation of aMIMO process applied to the reception side;

FIG. 8 is a diagrammatic view illustrating a basis of a calculationmethod of the MIMO process applied to the reception side;

FIGS. 9A and 9B are a schematic view and a diagrammatic view,respectively, illustrating a basis of the MIMO process on the receptionside where two channels are involved;

FIGS. 10A to 10C are diagrammatic views illustrating a relationshipbetween a path difference and a channel matrix where two channels areinvolved;

FIGS. 11A to 11D are diagrammatic views illustrating a first example ofa constraint condition to antenna arrangement where two channels areinvolved;

FIGS. 12A to 12D are diagrammatic views illustrating a second example ofthe constraint condition to the antenna arrangement where two channelsare involved;

FIG. 13 is a schematic view illustrating an adjustment method of a pathdifference where an antenna has a phase characteristic which relies upondirectivity;

FIGS. 14 and 15 are diagrammatic views illustrating an applicationmethod of the MIMO process to a case wherein three or more antenna pairsare involved;

FIGS. 16A and 16B are schematic views illustrating an application methodto a case wherein transmission and reception antennas are arrangedthree-dimensionally;

FIGS. 17A and 17B are block diagrams showing a basic configuration wherethe MIMO process on the reception side is carried out by digitalprocessing;

FIG. 18 is a diagrammatic view showing a reception MIMO system of afirst embodiment;

FIG. 19 is a diagrammatic view illustrating a reception MIMO system of asecond embodiment;

FIGS. 20A to 20C are graphical views illustrating a situation of acomposite signal of a desired wave and an unnecessary wave received byan antenna on the reception side; and

FIGS. 21A to 21D are diagrammatic views illustrating difference betweenenvelop detection and square-law detection.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

In the following, embodiments of the present invention are described indetail with reference to the drawings. When functional elements aredistinguished among the different embodiments, reference characters ofEnglish capital letters such as A, B, C, . . . are applied to thefunctional elements and, when the embodiments are described withoutparticularly distinguishing them, such reference characters are omitted.The omission of reference characters is similarly applied to thedrawings.

It is to be noted that the present invention is described in thefollowing order:

1. Communication Processing Channel: Basis (Space Division Multiplexing)

2. Application Technique of Space Division Multiplexing

3. Modulation and Demodulation (Application of Square Detection andEnvelop Detection)

4. Relationship between Multi-Channel Transmission and Space DivisionMultiplexing

5. Outline of MIMO Process Applied to Reception Side: CalculationProcess, Relationship with Carrier Frequency, Relationship with AntennaArrangement, Relationship with Directivity, Application to ThreeChannels or More, Application to Three-Dimensional Arrangement, DigitalProcessing

6. Reception MIMO System: First and Second Embodiments

First, when a wireless transmission system of the present embodiment isdescribed, in order to facilitate understandings of the mechanism of thepresent embodiment, a basic general configuration is described first.Thereafter, details of a MIMO process applied to the reception sidewhich is a characteristic portion in the wireless transmission system ofthe present embodiment are described.

<Communication Processing Channel: Basis>

FIGS. 1 to 2E show the wireless transmission system of the presentembodiment. In particular, FIG. 1 shows a signal interface of thewireless transmission system 1Y of the present embodiment from a pointof view of a functional configuration. FIGS. 2A to 2E illustratesmultiplexing of signals.

While a carrier frequency used for the wireless transmission system ofthe present embodiment described below is a frequency in the millimeterwaveband, the mechanism of the present embodiment can be applied notonly to a case wherein a carrier frequency of the millimeter waveband isused but also to another case wherein a carrier frequency in a shorterwavelength band such as, for example, a sub millimeter waveband is used.The wireless transmission system of the present embodiment is used, forexample, for a digital recording and reproduction device, a ground wavetelevision receiver, a portable telephone set, a game machine and acomputer.

[Functional Configuration]

As seen in FIG. 1, the wireless transmission system 1Y is configuredsuch that a first communication device 100Y which is an example of afirst wireless device and a second communication device 200Y which is anexample of a second wireless device are coupled to each other through amillimeter wave signal transmission path 9 and carry out signaltransmission using the millimeter waveband. The millimeter wave signaltransmission path 9 is an example of a wireless signal transmissionpath. A signal of a transmission subject is frequency-converted into asignal of the millimeter waveband suitable for wideband transmission,and the resulting signal is transmitted.

The wireless transmission system 1Y of the present embodiment ischaracterized in that, by using a plurality of paired transmissioncouplers 108 and 208, a plurality of channels of such millimeter wavesignal transmission paths 9 are included. The plural channels of themillimeter wave signal transmission paths 9 are installed such that theydo not interfere spatially with each other or are not influenced byinterference, and can carry out communication at the same time using thesame frequency along the plural channels for signal transmission.

The term “there is no spatial interference” signifies that signals ofplural channels can be transmitted independently of each other. Amechanism therefor is hereinafter referred to as “space divisionmultiplexing.” When multi-channeling for a transmission channel isintended, if the space division multiplexing is not applied, then it isnecessary to apply frequency division multiplexing such that differentcarrier frequencies are used for different channels. However, if thespace division multiplexing is applied, then even if the same carrierfrequency is used, transmission can be implemented without beinginfluenced by interference.

The “space division multiplexing” may be any method of forming aplurality of channels of millimeter wave signal transmission paths 9 ina three-dimensional space in which a millimeter wave signal which is anelectromagnetic wave can be transmitted. In particular, the method isnot limited to configuration of plural channels of millimeter wavesignal transmission paths 9 in a free space. For example, where athree-dimensional space in which a millimeter wave signal which is anelectromagnetic wave can be transmitted is configured from a dielectricmaterial which is an entity, plural channels of millimeter wave signaltransmission paths 9 may be formed in the dielectric material. Further,each of the plural channels of millimeter wave signal transmission paths9 is not limited to a free space but may have a form of a dielectrictransmission path, a hollow waveguide or the like.

The wireless transmission device or system is configured from a firstcommunication unit or first millimeter wave transmission device and asecond communication unit or second millimeter wave transmission device.Further, between the first communication unit and the secondcommunication unit which are disposed in a comparatively short range, asignal of a transmission subject converted into a millimeter wave signalis transmitted through the millimeter wave signal transmission path. Theterm “wireless transmission” in the present embodiment signifiestransmission of a signal of a transmission subject not along an electricwiring line but by wireless, in the present example, by a millimeterwave.

The term “comparatively short range” signifies a shorter range than thedistance between communication devices in a field or outdoors used forbroadcasting or general wireless communication, and the transmissionrange may be a range which can be specified as a closed space. The term“closed space” signifies a space in a state wherein leakage of anelectric wave from the inner side of the space to the outer side of thespace is little and arrival or invasion of an electric wave from theouter side of the space at or into the inner side of the space islittle. Typically, the term “closed space” signifies a state that theentire space is enclosed by a housing or case having a shielding effectagainst a radio wave.

The wireless transmission may be, for example, inter-board communicationin a housing of one electronic apparatus, inter-chip communication onthe same board and inter-device communication where a plurality ofelectronic devices are integrated as in a case wherein one electronicapparatus is mounted on the other electronic apparatus.

While the “integration” described above typically signifies a statewherein both of the electronic apparatus fully contact with each otherby mounting therebetween, it may be a state wherein a transmission rangebetween both of the electronic apparatus can be substantially specifiedas a closed space. Also a case is included wherein both of theelectronic apparatus are disposed at determined position in a staterather spaced from each other, that is, in a comparatively short rangesuch as, for example, within several centimeters to ten and severalcentimeters and it may be considered that the electronic apparatus aresubstantially integrated with each other. In short, the integrationsignifies any state in which a radio wave leaks little from the insideto the outside of a space which is configured from both electronicapparatus and in which an electric wave can propagate and conversely anelectric wave from the outside of the space little arrives or invades ator into the inside of the space.

Signal transmission in a housing of one electronic apparatus ishereinafter referred to as intra-housing signal transmission and signaltransmission in a state wherein a plurality of electronic apparatus areintegrated (including “substantially integrated” in the followingdescription) is hereinafter referred to as inter-apparatus signaltransmission. In the case of the intra-housing signal transmission, acommunication device or communication unit or transmitter on thetransmission side and a communication device or communication unit orreceiver on the reception side are accommodated in the same housing, andthe wireless transmission system of the present embodiment wherein awireless signal transmission path is formed between the communicationunits or transmitter and receiver is the electronic apparatus itself. Onthe other hand, in the case of the inter-apparatus signal transmission,the communication device or communication unit or transmitter on thetransmission side and the communication device or communication unit orreceiver on the reception side are accommodated in individual housingsof electronic apparatus which are different from each other. Further,wireless signal transmission paths are formed between the communicationunits or transmitters and receivers in both of the electronic apparatuswhen both electronic are arranged and integrated at determined positionssuch that the wireless transmission system of the present embodiment isconstructed.

In the communication devices provided across the millimeter wave signaltransmission path, the transmitter and the receiver are disposed in apaired and coupled relationship with each other. Signal transmissionbetween one communication device and the other communication device maybe carried out unidirectionally, that is, in one direction, or may becarried out bidirectionally. For example, where the first communicationunit functions as the device on the transmission side and the secondcommunication unit functions as the device on the reception side, thetransmitter is disposed in the first communication unit and the receiveris disposed in the second communication unit. Where the secondcommunication unit functions as the device on the transmission side andthe first communication unit functions as the device on the receptionside, the transmitter is disposed in the second communication unit andthe receiver is disposed in the first communication unit.

The transmitter includes, for example, a signal generator on thetransmission side for carrying out a signal process for a signal of atransmission subject to generate a millimeter wave signal, that is, asignal converter for converting an electric signal of a transmissionsubject into a millimeter wave signal, and a signal coupler on thetransmission side for coupling the millimeter wave signal generated bythe signal generator on the transmission side with a transmission pathor millimeter wave signal transmission path for transmitting themillimeter wave signal. Preferably, the signal generator on thetransmission side is provided integrally with a functional unit forgenerating a signal of a transmission subject.

For example, the signal generator on the transmission side includes amodulation circuit, and the modulation circuit modulates the signal of atransmission subject. The signal generator on the transmission sidecarries out frequency conversion for a signal modulated by themodulation circuit to generate a millimeter wave signal. As theprinciple, it seems a possible idea to convert the signal of atransmission subject directly into a millimeter wave signal. The signalcoupler on the transmission side supplies the millimeter wave signalgenerated by the signal generator on the transmission side to themillimeter wave signal transmission path.

On the other hand, the receiver includes, for example, a signal coupleron the reception side for receiving the millimeter wave signaltransmitted thereto through the millimeter wave signal transmission pathand a signal generator on the reception side for carrying out a signalprocess for the millimeter wave signal or input signal received by thesignal coupler on the reception side to generate a normal electricsignal which is a signal of a transmission subject, that is, a signalconverter for converting the millimeter wave signal into an electricsignal of a transmission subject. Preferably, the signal generator onthe reception side is provided integrally with a functional unit forreceiving a signal of a transmission subject. For example, the signalgenerator on the reception side includes a demodulation circuit andcarries out frequency conversion for the millimeter wave signal togenerate an output signal. The demodulation circuit demodulates theoutput signal to generate a signal of a transmission subject. As theprinciple, it seems a possible idea to convert the millimeter wavesignal directly into a signal of a transmission subject.

In particular, when it is tried to implement a signal interface, asignal of a transmission subject is transmitted in a contactless andcable-less manner using a millimeter wave signal, that is, nottransmitted using an electric wiring line. Preferably, at least signaltransmission, particularly transmission of an image signal for whichhigh-speed and great amount data transmission is required, or of ahigh-speed clock signal or the like, is carried out using a millimeterwave signal. In particular, in the present embodiment, signaltransmission carried out through an electric wiring line in the past iscarried out using a millimeter wave signal. By carrying out signaltransmission using the millimeter waveband, high-speed signaltransmission on the Gbps order can be implemented and the range on whicha millimeter wave signal has an influence can be easily limited, andalso an effect arising from the characteristic just described isobtained.

Here, the signal couplers may be configured such that the firstcommunication unit and the second communication unit can transmit amillimeter wave signal through the millimeter wave signal transmissionpath. For example, the signal couplers may individually include, forexample, an antenna structure or antenna coupler or may be configuredsuch that coupling of a signal is carried out without including anantenna structure.

While the “millimeter wave signal transmission path for transmitting amillimeter wave signal” may be configured from the air, that is, from afree space, preferably the millimeter wave signal transmission pathincludes a structure for transmitting a millimeter wave signal whileconfining the millimeter wave signal in the transmission path. If thecharacteristic just described is positively utilized, then layout of themillimeter wave signal transmission path can be determined arbitrarily,for example, like an electric wiring line.

While, as such a millimeter wave confining structure or wireless signalconfining structure as described above, for example, a structure of awaveguide tube is considered typically, the present invention is notlimited to this. For example, a structure configured from a dielectricmaterial capable of transmitting a millimeter wave signal, hereinafterreferred to as dielectric transmission path or millimeter wavedielectric transmission path, or a hollow waveguide which configures atransmission path and in which a shielding material for suppressingoutside radiation of a millimeter wave signal is provided in such amanner as to surround a transmission path and the inside of theshielding material is hollow may be applied. By providing flexibility tothe dielectric material or the shielding material, layout of amillimeter wave signal transmission path can be implemented.

Incidentally, in the case of the air called free space, each of thesignal couplers includes an antenna structure such that signaltransmission in a short range space is carried out through the antennastructure. On the other hand, where the device configured from adielectric material is used, while an antenna structure may be applied,this is not essential.

[System Configuration Wherein Space Division Multiplexing is Applied]

FIG. 1 shows a wireless transmission system 1Y according to the presentembodiment. Referring to FIG. 1, as can be recognized from the basicdescription regarding the space division multiplexing given hereinabove,the wireless transmission system 1Y of the present invention includes aplurality of channels of millimeter wave signal transmission paths 9interposed between a first communication device 100Y and a secondcommunication device 200Y.

Here, a plurality of different signals _@ (@ is 1 to N1) are transmittedfrom the first communication device 100Y to the second communicationdevice 200Y, and another plurality of different signals _@ (@ is 1 toN2) are transmitted from the second communication device 200Y to thefirst communication device 100Y.

Although details are hereinafter described, a semiconductor chip 103includes a transmission-side signal generating unit 110 and areception-side signal generating unit 120, and another semiconductorchip 203 includes a transmission-side signal generating unit 210 and areception-side signal generating unit 220. Although stopgap illustrationis given in FIG. 1, the transmission-side signal generating unit 110 andthe reception-side signal generating unit 220 are provided for each ofN1 channels, or in other words, N1 such transmission-side signalgenerating units 110 and N1 such reception-side signal generating units220 are provided, and the transmission-side signal generating unit 210and the reception-side signal generating unit 120 are provided for eachof N2 channels, or in other words, N2 such transmission-side signalgenerating units 210 and N2 such reception-side signal generating units120 are provided.

Since the space division multiplexing permits use of the same frequencyband at the same time, the communication speed can be raised, and thesimultaneity of bidirectional communication wherein signal transmissionfor the N1 channels from the first communication device 100Y to thesecond communication device 200Y and signal transmission for the N2channels from the second communication device 200Y to the firstcommunication device 100Y can be secured. Particularly a millimeter waveis short in wavelength, and an attenuation effect by the distance can beexpected. Further, even where the offset is small, that is, even wherethe spatial distance between transmission channels is short,interference is less likely to occur, and propagation channels differentfrom each other depending upon the place can be implemented readily.

As seen in FIG. 1, the wireless transmission system 1Y of the presentembodiment includes “N1+N2” channels of transmission path couplers 108and 208 each including a millimeter wave transmission terminal, amillimeter wave transmission path, an antenna and so forth and “N1+N2”channels of millimeter wave signal transmission paths 9. Each of thereference characters has a suffix “_@” (@ is 1 to N1+N2). Thus, a fullduplex transmission system wherein millimeter wave transmission iscarried out independently for transmission and reception can beimplemented.

First, functional elements provided in the wireless transmission system1Y of the present embodiment are described particularly. It is to benoted that, although the following description is given of an examplewherein the functional elements are formed on a semiconductor integratedcircuit or chip, this is not essential.

The semiconductor chip 103 which can carry out millimeter wavecommunication is provided in the first communication device 100Y, andthe semiconductor chip 203 which can carry out millimeter wavecommunication is provided also in the second communication device 200Y.

Here, only signals which are demanded to be transmitted at a high speedand in a great amount are made a subject of the communication with themillimeter waveband, and other signals which may be transmitted at a lowspeed and in a small amount or which can be regarded as DC current suchas power supply are not made a subject of conversion into a millimeterwave signal. The signals which are not made a subject of conversion intoa millimeter wave signal including power supply are connected betweenboards using a mechanism similar to a conventional mechanism. Originalelectric signals of a subject of transmission before conversion intomillimeter waves are hereinafter referred to collectively as basebandsignals.

[First Communication Device]

The first communication device 100Y includes a board 102, asemiconductor chip 103 mounted on the board 102 and capable of carryingout millimeter waveband communication, and a transmission path coupler108 mounted on the board 102. The semiconductor chip 103 is a system LSI(Large Scale Integrated Circuit) wherein an LSI functional unit 104 anda signal generating unit 107 which is a millimeter wave signalgenerating unit are integrated. Though not shown, the LSI functionalunit 104 and the signal generating unit 107 may be configured otherwisesuch that they are not integrated. Where the LSI functional unit 104 andthe signal generating unit 107 are formed as separate units, since aproblem may possibly arise from transmission of a signal by an electricwiring line for signal transmission between them, they are preferablyformed as a single integrated unit. Where they are formed as separateunits, the two chips of the LSI functional unit 104 and the signalgenerating unit 107 are preferably disposed at a short distance tominimize the wire length thereby to minimize a possible bad influence.

The signal generating unit 107 and the transmission path coupler 108 areconfigured so as to have bidirectionality of data. To this end, thesignal generating unit 107 includes a signal generation unit on thetransmission side and a signal generation unit on the reception side.Although such transmission path couplers 108 may be provided separatelyfor the transmission side and the reception side, here the singletransmission path coupler 108 is used for both of transmission andreception.

In order to implement “bidirectional communication,” in the case ofsingle-core bidirectional communication wherein one channel or core of amillimeter wave signal transmission path 9 of a millimeter wavetransmission channel is used, a half duplex system wherein time divisionmultiplexing (TDM) is applied, a frequency division multiplexing (FDM)and so forth are applied.

However, in the case of the time division multiplexing, since separationof transmission and reception is carried out time-divisionally,“simultaneity of bidirectional communication,” that is, “single-coresimultaneous bidirectional transmission,” wherein signal transmissionfrom the first communication device 100Y to the second communicationdevice 200Y and signal transmission from the second communication device200Y to the first communication device 100Y are carried outsimultaneously, is not implemented. The single-core simultaneousbidirectional transmission is implemented by the frequency divisionmultiplexing.

Since the frequency division multiplexing uses different frequencies fortransmission and reception as seen from FIG. 2A, the millimeter wavesignal transmission path 9 must have a comparatively great transmissionbandwidth. In addition, in order to implement multiplex transmission,that is, multi-channel transmission, by the frequency divisionmultiplexing, it is necessary to use different carrier frequencies formodulation to convert frequencies of individual signals into frequencieswithin different frequency bands F_@ to generate signals of millimeterwaves and transmit the millimeter wave signals whose carrier frequenciesare different from each other in the same direction or in the oppositedirections as seen in FIG. 2B. In this instance, where differentfrequencies are used for transmission, in the example shown, for achannel from the transmission-side signal generating unit 110 side tothe reception-side signal generating unit 220 side, and for reception,in the example shown, for another channel from the transmission-sidesignal generating unit 210 side to the reception-side signal generatingunit 120 side, it is necessary to further increase the transmissionbandwidth as seen in FIGS. 2C and 2D.

In this regard, if the space division multiplexing is applied, then notonly for implementation of bidirectional communication but also forimplementation of multiplex transmission, that is, for multi-channeltransmission, the same frequency band can be applied to the channels.Therefore, there is an advantage that there is no restriction to thetransmission bandwidth.

The semiconductor chip 103 may not be mounted directly on the board 102but may be formed as a semiconductor package wherein the semiconductorchip 103 is mounted on an interposed board and molded using resin suchas epoxy resin and mounted as such on the board 102. In particular, theinterposer board is used as a chip mounting board, and the semiconductorchip 103 is provided on the interposer board. The interposer board maybe formed using a sheet member having a relative permittivity within afixed range such as a range approximately from two to ten and formedfrom a combination of, for example, thermally reinforced resin andcopper foil.

The semiconductor chip 103 is connected to the transmission pathcouplers 108. Each transmission path coupler 108 is formed from anantenna structure including, for example, an antenna coupling unit, anantenna terminal, a microstrip line, an antenna and so forth. It is tobe noted that also it is possible to apply a technique of forming anantenna directly on a chip such that also the transmission path couplers108 are incorporated in the semiconductor chip 103.

The LSI functional unit 104 carries out principal application control ofthe first communication device 100Y and includes, for example, a circuitfor processing various signals to be transmitted to the opposite partyand a circuit for processing various signals received from the oppositeparty.

The signal generating unit 107 or electric signal conversion unitconverts a signal from the LSI functional unit 104 into a millimeterwave signal and carries out signal transmission control of themillimeter wave signal through the millimeter wave signal transmissionpath 9.

In particular, the signal generating unit 107 includes thetransmission-side signal generating unit 110 and the reception-sidesignal generating unit 120. The transmission-side signal generating unit110 and the transmission path coupler 108 cooperate with each other toform a transmission unit, that is, a communication unit on thetransmission side. Meanwhile, the reception-side signal generating unit120 and the transmission path coupler 108 cooperate with each other toform a reception unit, that is, a communication unit on the receptionside.

The transmission-side signal generating unit 110 includes aparallel-serial converter 114, a modulator 115, a frequency converter116 and an amplifier 117 in order to carry out signal processing of aninput signal to generate a signal of a millimeter wave. It is to benoted that the modulator 115 and the frequency converter 116 may beformed as a unit of the direct conversion type.

The reception-side signal generating unit 120 includes an amplifier 124,a frequency converter 125, a demodulator 126 and a serial-parallelconverter 127 in order to carry out signal processing of an electricsignal of a millimeter wave received by the transmission path coupler108 to generate an output signal. The frequency converter 125 and thedemodulator 126 may be formed as a unit of the direct conversion type.

The parallel-serial converter 114 and the serial-parallel converter 127are provided, where the present configuration is not applied, forparallel interface specifications wherein a plurality of signals forparallel transmission are used, but are not required for serialinterface specifications.

The parallel-serial converter 114 converts parallel signals into aserial data signal and supplies the serial data signal to the modulator115. The modulator 115 modulates a transmission subject signal andsupplies the modulated transmission subject signal to the frequencyconverter 116. The modulator 115 may basically be of the type whereinthe transmission subject signal is modulated at least in one of theamplitude, frequency and phase or may be modulated in an arbitrarycombination of them.

For example, in the case of analog modulation, for example, amplitudemodulation (AM) and vector modulation are available. As the vectormodulation, frequency modulation (FM) and phase modulation (PM) areavailable. In the case of digital modulation, for example, amplitudeshift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), phase shift keying(PSK) and amplitude phase shift keying (APSK) which modulates theamplitude and the phase are available. As the amplitude phasemodulation, quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is representative.

Incidentally, in the present embodiment, a method for modulating onlythe amplitude by the transmission subject signal is adapted in terms ofthe MIMO processing.

The frequency converter 116 frequency converts a transmission subjectsignal after modulation by the modulator 115 to generate an electricsignal of a millimeter wave and supplies the millimeter wave electricsignal to the amplifier 117. The electric signal of a millimeter wave isan electric signal having a frequency substantially within a range from30 GHz to 300 GHz. The reason why the “substantially” is used is thatthe frequency may be any frequency with which an effect by millimeterwave communication is obtained and the lower limit is not restricted to30 GHz while the upper limit is not restricted to 300 GHz.

While the frequency converter 116 can assume various circuitconfigurations, for example, it may have a configuration including afrequency mixing circuit, that is, a mixer circuit, and a localoscillation circuit. The local oscillation circuit generates a carrierto be used for modulation, that is, a carrier signal or referencecarrier. The frequency mixing circuit multiplies or modulates a carrierin the millimeter waveband generated by the local oscillation circuit byor with a signal from the parallel-serial converter 114 to generate amodulation signal in the millimeter waveband and supplies the modulationsignal to the amplifier 117.

The amplifier 117 amplifies an electric signal of a millimeter waveafter frequency conversion and supplies the amplified electric signal tothe transmission path coupler 108. The amplifier 117 is connected to thebidirectional transmission path coupler 108 through an antenna terminalnot shown.

The transmission path coupler 108 transmits a signal of a millimeterwave generated by the transmission-side signal generating unit 110 tothe millimeter wave signal transmission path 9, and receives a signal ofa millimeter wave from the millimeter wave signal transmission path 9and outputs the received millimeter wave signal to the reception-sidesignal generating unit 120.

The transmission path coupler 108 is configured from an antenna couplingunit. The antenna coupling unit configures an example or part of thetransmission path coupler 108 or signal coupling unit. The antennacoupling unit is, in a narrow sense, a block which couples an electroniccircuit in a semiconductor chip and an antenna disposed inside oroutside the chip, and is, in a wide sense, a block which signal-couplesa semiconductor chip and the millimeter wave signal transmission path 9.For example, the antenna coupling unit includes at least an antennastructure. Further, where the time division multiplexing is applied totransmission and reception, an antenna changeover unit, that is, anantenna sharing unit, is provided in the transmission path coupler 108.

The antenna structure is a structure in the coupling unit to themillimeter wave signal transmission path 9 and may be any structure onlyif it couples an electric signal in the millimeter waveband to themillimeter wave signal transmission path 9, but does not signify anantenna itself. For example, the antenna structure is configuredincluding an antenna terminal, a microstrip line and an antenna. Wherethe antenna changeover unit is formed in the same chip, the antennaterminal except the antenna changeover unit and the microstrip lineconfigure the transmission path coupler 108.

The antenna on the transmission side radiates an electromagnetic wavebased on a signal of a millimeter wave to the millimeter wave signaltransmission path 9. Meanwhile, the antenna on the reception sidereceives an electromagnetic wave of a millimeter wave from themillimeter wave signal transmission path 9. The microstrip lineinterconnects the antenna terminal and the antenna, and transmits asignal of a millimeter wave on the transmission side from the antennaterminal to the antenna, but transmits a signal of a millimeter wave onthe reception side from the antenna to the antenna terminal.

The antenna changeover unit is used where the antenna is used commonlyfor transmission and reception. For example, when a signal of amillimeter wave signal is to be transmitted to the second communicationdevice 200Y side which is the opposite party, the antenna changeoverunit connects the antenna to the transmission-side signal generatingunit 110. On the other hand, when a signal of a millimeter wave from thesecond communication device 200Y which is the opposite party is to bereceived, the antenna changeover unit connects the antenna to thereception-side signal generating unit 120. Although the antennachangeover unit is provided separately from the semiconductor chip 103on the board 102, the location of the antenna changeover unit is notlimited to this, but the antenna changeover unit may be providedotherwise in the semiconductor chip 103. Where antennas for transmissionand reception are provided separately from each other, the antennachangeover unit can be omitted.

The reception-side signal generating unit 120 is connected to thetransmission path coupler 108. The reception-side signal generating unit120 includes the amplifier 124, frequency converter 125, demodulator126, and serial-parallel converter 127 as well as a unificationprocessing unit 128 in order to carry out signal processing for anelectric signal of a millimeter wave received by the transmission pathcoupler 108 to generate an output signal. It is to be noted that thefrequency converter 125 and the demodulator 126 may be formed as a unitof the direct conversion type.

The amplifier 124 on the reception side is connected to the transmissionpath coupler 108, and amplifies an electric signal of a millimeter waveafter received by the antenna and supplies the amplified electric signalto the frequency converter 125. The frequency converter 125frequency-converts the amplified millimeter wave electric signal andsupplies the frequency-converted signal to the demodulator 126. Thedemodulator 126 demodulates the frequency-converted signal to acquire abaseband signal and supplies the baseband signal to the serial-parallelconverter 127.

The serial-parallel converter 127 converts serial reception data intoparallel output data and supplies the parallel output data to the LSIfunctional unit 104.

Where the semiconductor chip 103 is configured in such a manner asdescribed above, input signals are subjected to parallel to serialconversion and a resulting serial signal is transmitted to thesemiconductor chip 203. Meanwhile, a reception signal from thesemiconductor chip 203 side is subjected to serial to parallelconversion. Consequently, the number of signals of a millimeter waveconversion subject is reduced.

Where original signal transmission between the first communicationdevice 100Y and the second communication device 200Y is serialtransmission, the parallel-serial converter 114 and the serial-parallelconverter 127 need not be provided.

One of characteristics of the wireless transmission system 1Y of thepresent embodiment is that, in the first communication device 100Y, aMIMO processor 603 used commonly for all of the N1 channels is providedbetween the demodulator 126 and the serial-parallel converter 127 in thereception-side signal generating unit 120. Similarly, in the secondcommunication device 200Y, a MIMO processor 604 used commonly for all ofthe N2 channels is provided between a demodulator 226 and aserial-parallel converter 227. Details of the MIMO processors 603 and604 are hereinafter described.

While the basic configuration is described here, this is a mere example,and the form of accommodating the transmission-side signal generatingunit 110, reception-side signal generating unit 120, thetransmission-side signal generating unit 210 and reception-side signalgenerating unit 220 in the semiconductor chips 103 and 203,respectively, is not limited to that described hereinabove withreference to FIG. 1. For example, the system may be configured using thesemiconductor chip 103 including only the signal generating unit 107which accommodates one channel of the transmission-side signalgenerating unit 110 and the reception-side signal generating unit 120and the semiconductor chip 203 including only a signal generating unit207 which accommodates one channel of the transmission-side signalgenerating unit 210 and the reception-side signal generating unit 220.Further, the transmission-side signal generating unit 110,reception-side signal generating unit 120, transmission-side signalgenerating unit 210 and reception-side signal generating unit 220 may beaccommodated in the individually different semiconductor chips 103 and203 to configure the system. Depending upon such modifications, thesystem may be configured so as to satisfy N1=N2=N.

The functional units which should be accommodated in the semiconductorchips 103 and 203 need not be accommodated in a paired relationshipbetween the first communication device 100Y side and the secondcommunication device 200Y side but may be accommodated in an arbitrarycombination. For example, the first communication device 100Y may beformed such that the functional units for the N1 channels on thetransmission side and the N2 channels on the reception side areaccommodated in one chip while the second communication device 200Y sideis configured such that the transmission-side signal generating units210 and the reception-side signal generating units 220 are accommodatedin such different semiconductor chips 203 from each other.

Incidentally, since, in the present embodiment, the MIMO processor 603common to all channels is provided between the demodulator 126 and theserial-parallel converter 127 of the channels and the MIMO processor 604common to all channels is provided between the demodulator 226 and theserial-parallel converter 227 of the channels, it is preferable for thereception system to use chips in which the functional units for the N1channels and the N2 channels are accommodated individually. Although itis not excluded to use a chip for each channel in the reception system,in this instance, between the chips for the individual channels of thereception system and the chip in which the MIMO processors 603 and 604(which may be accommodated in one of the chips of the reception system)are accommodated, wiring lines outside the chips are required in orderto interpose the MIMO processors 603 and 604 between the demodulator 126and the serial-parallel converter 127 or between the demodulator 226 andthe serial-parallel converter 227.

On the other hand, as regards the transmission system, no suchrestriction is applicable, and therefore, it does not make a basicproblem whether functional units of a plurality of channels areaccommodated in one chip or in individually different chips. However,functional units of a plurality of channels are accommodated preferablyin one chip in order to use a common or same frequency for carriersignals of different channels.

The carrier frequencies of the channels may be same as each other ordifferent from each other. For example, where a dielectric transmissionpath or a hollow waveguide is used, since a millimeter wave is confinedin the inside of them, millimeter wave interference can be prevented.Therefore, there is no problem even if the same frequency is used. Onthe other hand, in the case of a free space transmission path, iffrequency space transmission paths are spaced from each other by acertain distance, then there is no problem if the same frequency isused. However, where frequency space transmission paths are spaced butby a small distance, different frequencies should be used. However, inorder to effectively carry out MIMO processing or minimize the circuitscale of the demodulation functional unit on the reception side,preferably a common carrier frequency is used irrespective of the formof the millimeter wave signal transmission path 9, that is, even wherethe millimeter wave signal transmission path 9 is a free spacetransmission path.

For example, in order to implement bidirectional communication, timedivision multiplexing and frequency division multiplexing are availablein addition to space division multiplexing. As a method for implementingdata transmission and reception using the millimeter wave signaltransmission path 9 of one channel, one of a half duplex method whereintransmission and reception are changed over by time divisionmultiplexing and a full duplex method wherein transmission and receptionare carried out simultaneously by frequency division multiplexing isadopted.

However, the time division multiplexing has a problem that transmissionand reception cannot be carried out concurrently. Further, as seen fromFIGS. 2A to 2C, the frequency division multiplexing has a problem thatthe millimeter wave signal transmission path 9 must have a greatfrequency bandwidth.

In contrast, in the wireless transmission system 1Y of the presentembodiment to which the space division multiplexing is applied, samecarrier frequency setting can be applied to a plurality of signaltransmission channels, that is, to a plurality of channels.Consequently, it is facilitated to re-utilize carrier frequencies, thatis, to use the same frequency for a plurality of channels. Even if themillimeter wave signal transmission path 9 does not have a greatbandwidth, transmission and reception of signals can be implementedsimultaneously. If a plurality of transmission channels are used in thesame direction and the same frequency band is used at the same time,then increase of the communication speed can be achieved.

Where the millimeter wave signal transmission paths 9 of N channels areused for N (N=N1=N2) base band signals, in order to achievebidirectional transmission and reception, time division multiplexing orfrequency division multiplexing must be applied to transmission andreception. In contrast, in application of the space divisionmultiplexing, the millimeter wave signal transmission paths 9 of 2Nchannels are used, and therefore, also as regards bidirectionaltransmission and reception, transmission can be carried out using themillimeter wave signal transmission paths 9 of different channels, thatis, using the transmission paths which are fully independent of eachother. In short, where N signals of a subject of communication in themillimeter waveband are used for transmission and reception, even ifsuch a multiplexing process as time division multiplexing, frequencydivision multiplexing or code division multiplexing is not carried out,the N different signals can be transmitted through the individualmillimeter wave signal transmission paths 9 of the 2N channels.

[Second Communication Device]

The second communication device 200Y includes a functional configurationgenerally similar to that of the first communication device 100Y. Eachof the functional units of the second communication device 200Y isdenoted by a reference numeral in the two hundreds, and a functionalunit similar to that of the first communication device 100Y is denotedby a reference numeral including digits in the tens and the ones same asthose of the first communication device 100Y. A transmission unit isformed from a transmission-side signal generating unit 210 and atransmission path coupler 208, and a reception unit is formed from areception-side signal generating unit 220 and the transmission pathcoupler 208.

A LSI functional unit 204 carries out principal application control ofthe second communication device 200Y and includes, for example, acircuit for processing various signals to be transmitted to the oppositeparty and another circuit for processing various signals received fromthe opposite party.

[Connection and Operation]

A technique of frequency-converting and transmitting an input signal isused generally in broadcasting and wireless communication. In suchapplications, comparatively complicated transmitters, receivers and soforth are used which can cope with such problems as a) in what rangecommunication can be carried out (problem of the S/N ratio regardingthermal noise), β) how to cope with reflection and multipathtransmission and γ) how to suppress disturbance and interference withother channels. In contrast, the signal generating units 107 and 207used in the present configuration are used in the millimeter wavebandwhich is a higher frequency band than frequencies used in complicatedtransmitters and receivers used popularly in broadcasting and wirelesscommunication. Thus, since the wavelength λ is low, frequencies can bere-utilized readily, and therefore, signal generators suitable forcommunication between many devices positioned in the neighborhood ofeach other are used.

With the present configuration, signal transmission is carried out usingthe millimeter waveband as described above so as to flexibly cope withhigh speed transmission and large amount data transmission, differentfrom an existing signal interface which utilizes electric wiring lines.For example, only signals for which high speed transmission or largeamount data transmission is required are made a subject of communicationin the millimeter waveband. Depending upon the system configuration, thecommunication devices 100Y and 200Y include an interface by existingelectric wiring lines, that is, an interface by a terminal and aconnector, for signals for low speed transmission or small amount datatransmission or for power supply.

The signal generating unit 107 carries out signal processing for inputsignals inputted from the LSI functional unit 104 to generate a signalof a millimeter wave. The signal generating unit 107 is connected to thetransmission path coupler 108 by a transmission path such as, forexample, a microstrip line, a strip line, a coplanar line or a slot linesuch that the generated signal of a millimeter wave is supplied to themillimeter wave signal transmission path 9 through the transmission pathcoupler 108.

The transmission path coupler 108 has an antenna structure and has afunction of converting a signal of a millimeter wave transmitted theretointo an electromagnetic wave and signaling the electromagnetic wave. Thetransmission path coupler 108 is coupled to the millimeter wave signaltransmission path 9 such that an electromagnetic wave converted by thetransmission path coupler 108 is supplied to one end portion of themillimeter wave signal transmission path 9. To the other end of themillimeter wave signal transmission path 9, the transmission pathcoupler 208 on the second communication device 200Y side is coupled.Since the millimeter wave signal transmission path 9 is provided betweenthe transmission path coupler 108 of the first communication device 100Yside and the transmission path coupler 208 of the second communicationdevice 200Y side, an electromagnetic wave in the millimeter waveband ispropagated to the millimeter wave signal transmission path 9.

The transmission path coupler 208 of the second communication device200Y side is connected to the millimeter wave signal transmission path9. The transmission path coupler 208 receives an electromagnetic wavetransmitted to the other end of the millimeter wave signal transmissionpath 9, converts the electromagnetic wave into a signal of themillimeter band and supplies the signal of the millimeter band to thesignal generating unit 207 which is a baseband signal generation unit.The signal generating unit 207 carries out signal processing for theconverted signal of the millimeter wave to generate an output signal,that is, a baseband signal, and supplies the generated output signal tothe LSI functional unit 204.

While, in the foregoing description, signal transmission is carried outfrom the first communication device 100Y to the second communicationdevice 200Y, also signal transmission from the LSI functional unit 204of the second communication device 200Y to the first communicationdevice 100Y is carried out similarly. Thus, a signal of a millimeterwave can be transmitted bidirectionally.

Here, in comparison with the wireless transmission system 1Y of thebasic configuration, a signal transmission system which carries outsignal transmission through an electric wiring line has the followingproblems.

i) Although great amount data transmission and high speed transmissionof transmission data are demanded, there is a limitation to thetransmission speed and the transmission capacity of an electric wiringline.

ii) It seems a possible countermeasure to increase, in order to copewith the problem of achievement of high speed transmission oftransmission data, the number of wiring lines to achieve paralleltransmission of transmission data while reducing the transmission speedper one signal line. However, this countermeasure increases the numberof input and output terminals. As a result, complication of a printedcircuit board and a cable wiring scheme, increase in physical size of aconnector unit and an electric interface and so forth are required. Thiscomplicates the shape of the elements mentioned, resulting in suchproblems of deterioration of the reliability of the element and increaseof the cost.

iii) As the bandwidth of the frequency band of a baseband signalincreases together with significant increase of the information amountof movie images or computer images, the problem of EMC (electromagneticcompatibility) becomes further tangible. For example, where an electricwiring line is used, the wiring line serves as an antenna and a signalcorresponding to a tuning frequency of the antenna suffers frominterference. Further, reflection or resonance caused by impedancemismatching of a wiring line makes a cause of unnecessary radiation.Since a countermeasure against such problems is taken, the configurationof an electronic apparatus is complicated.

iv) In addition to EMC, if reflection exists, then also a transmissionerror caused by interference between symbols on the reception side or atransmission error by jumping in of disturbance becomes a problem.

Meanwhile, the wireless transmission system 1Y of the basicconfiguration uses not an electric wiring line but a millimeter wave tocarry out signal transmission. A signal to be transmitted from the LSIfunctional unit 104 to the LSI functional unit 204 is converted into amillimeter wave signal, which is transmitted through the millimeter wavesignal transmission path 9 between the transmission path couplers 108and 208.

Since the millimeter wave signal transmission is wireless transmission,there is no necessity to take care of the wiring line shape or theposition of a connector, and therefore, the problem of the restrictionto the layout does not occur very often. Since a wiring line and aterminal for a signal whose transmission is changed to signaltransmission by a millimeter wave can be omitted, the problem of EMC iseliminated. Generally since the communication devices 100Y and 200Y donot include any other functional unit which uses a frequency of themillimeter waveband, a countermeasure against EMC can be implementedreadily.

Since the transmission between the first communication device 100Y andthe second communication device 200Y is wireless transmission in a statein which they are positioned closely to each other and therefore issignal transmission between fixed positions or in a known positionalrelationship, the following advantages are achieved.

1) It is easy to appropriately design a propagation channel or waveguidestructure between the transmission side and the reception side.

2) By designing a dielectric structure of the transmission path couplersfor enclosing the transmission side and the reception side together witha propagation channel, that is, the waveguide structure of themillimeter wave signal transmission path 9, good transmission of highreliability can be achieved by free space transmission.

3) Since also control of a controller for managing wirelesstransmission, which corresponds to the LSI functional unit 104 in thepresent embodiment, need not be carried out so dynamically, adaptivelyor frequently as is carried out by general wireless communication, theoverhead by the control can be reduced from that of general wirelesscommunication. As a result, miniaturization, reduction in powerconsumption and increase in speed can be anticipated.

4) If, upon production or designing, the wireless transmissionenvironment is calibrated to grasp a dispersion and so forth of eachindividual product, then high quality communication can be anticipatedby referring to the data of the dispersion and so forth to carry outtransmission.

5) Even if reflection exists, since this is fixed reflection, aninfluence of the reflection can be eliminated readily by a smallequalizer at he reception side. Also setting of the equalizer can becarried out by preset or static control and can be implemented readily.

Further, since wireless communication in the millimeter waveband inwhich the wavelength is short is used, the following advantages can beanticipated.

a) Since a wide communication bandwidth can be assured by the millimeterwave communication, it is possible to use a high data rate simply.

b) The frequency to be used for transmission can be spaced away from afrequency for a different baseband signal process, and therefore,interference in frequency between a millimeter wave and a basebandsignal is less likely to occur.

c) Since wavelengths in the millimeter waveband are short, the antennaand the waveguide structure which depend upon the wavelength can be madesmall. In addition, since the distance attenuation is great and thediffraction is small, electromagnetic shielding can be carried outreadily.

d) A millimeter wave can be blocked readily and prevented from leakingto the outside particularly for signal transmission between fixedpositions or in a known positional relationship.

While, in the description of the present embodiment, a system whichcarries out communication in the millimeter waveband is described as anexample of the wireless transmission system, the application rangethereof is not limited to a system which uses the millimeter wavebandfor communication. Communication in a frequency band lower than themillimeter waveband or conversely higher than the millimeter wavebandmay be applied alternatively. For example, the microwave waveband may beapplied. However, where a MIMO process, that is, an inverse matrixcalculation process, is adopted for signal transmission within a housingor in signal transmission between different apparatus, it is consideredmost effective to use the millimeter waveband whose wavelength is notexcessively long nor excessively short in a relationship between thesize of various members and the wavelength.

<Application Technique of Space Division Multiplexing>

FIGS. 3A to 3C illustrate appropriate conditions, that is, applicationconditions, of the “space division multiplexing” adopted in the presentembodiment. FIGS. 4A to 4F show an outline of a structure of themillimeter wave signal transmission path 9 for applying the “spacedivision multiplexing.”

[Appropriate Conditions of the Space Division Multiplexing]

FIGS. 3A to 3C particularly illustrate a manner of setting ofappropriate conditions where the space division multiplexing is applied.For example, the propagation loss L of a free space can be representedby “L [dB]=10 log₁₀((4πd/λ)²) . . . (A)” as seen in FIG. 3A where d isthe distance and λ is the wavelength.

Two kinds of space division multiplexing are considered as seen in FIGS.3A to 3C. In FIGS. 3A to 3C, the transmitter is represented by “TX” andthe receiver is represented by “RX.” Reference character “_100”represents the first communication device 100Y side and “_200”represents the second communication device 200Y side. Referring to FIG.3B, the first communication device 100Y includes two channels oftransmitters TX_100_1 and TX_100_2, and the second communication device200Y includes two channels of receivers RX_200_1 and RX_200_2. Inparticular, signal transmission from the first communication device 100Yside to the second communication device 200Y side is carried out betweenthe transmitter TX_100_1 and the receiver RX_200_1 and between thetransmitter TX_100_2 and the receiver RX_200_2. In other words, signaltransmission from the first communication device 100Y side to the secondcommunication device 200Y side is carried out through the two channels.

Meanwhile, referring to FIG. 3C, the first communication device 100Yincludes a transmitter TX_100 and a receiver RX_100 while the secondcommunication device 200Y includes a transmitter TX_200 and a receiverRX_200. In particular, signal transmission from the first communicationdevice 100Y side to the second communication device 200Y side is carriedout between the transmitter TX_100 and the receiver RX_200, and signaltransmission from the second communication device 200Y side to the firstcommunication device 100Y side is carried out between the transmitterTX_200 and the receiver RX_100. Different channels are used fortransmission and reception, and transmission (TX) and reception (RX) ofdata from and to both apparatus can be carried out by full duplextransmission.

The relationship between an inter-antenna distance d₁ and a spatialchannel distance d₂, particularly a space distance between free spacetransmission paths 9B, necessary to obtain a necessary DU [dB], that is,a necessary ratio between a desired wave and an unnecessary wave, wherean antenna having no directivity is given, from the expression (A), by“d₂/d₁=10^(DU/20) . . . (B).”

For example, if DU=20 dB, then d₂/d₁=10, and the spatial channeldistance d₂ must be as long as ten times the inter-antenna distance d₁.Since usually an antenna has some directivity, even in the case of thefree space transmission paths 9B, the spatial channel distance d₂ can beset shorter.

For example, if the distance to an antenna of the opposite party ofcommunication is short, then the transmission power for the antennas canbe suppressed low. If the transmission power is sufficiently low and apair of antennas can be installed at positions sufficiently spaced awayfrom each other, then interference between the paired antennas can besuppressed sufficiently low. Particularly in millimeter wavecommunication, since the wavelength of a millimeter wave is short, thedistance attenuation is great and also the diffraction is small, andtherefore, space division multiplexing can be implemented readily. Forexample, even with the free space transmission paths 9B, the spatialchannel distance d₂, that is, the space distance between the free spacetransmission paths 9B, can be set smaller than ten times theinter-antenna distance d₁.

In the case of a dielectric transmission path or a hollow waveguidehaving a millimeter wave confining structure, since a millimeter wavecan be transmitted while it is confined in the inside, the spatialchannel distance d₂, that is, the space distance between the free spacetransmission paths, can be set shorter than ten times the inter-antennadistance d₁. Particularly in contrast to the free space transmissionpaths 9B, the channel distance can be reduced further.

[Examples of the Structure of the Millimeter Wave Signal TransmissionPath for the Space Division Multiplexing]

FIGS. 4A to 4F show several examples of the structure of the millimeterwave signal transmission path for the space division multiplexing. Whenit is intended to increase the number of transmission channels, wherethe space division multiplexing is not applied, it seems a possibleidea, for example, to apply frequency division multiplexing to usecarrier frequencies different among different channels. However, if thespace division multiplexing is applied, then even if the same carrierfrequency is used, simultaneous signal transmission can be carried outwithout being influenced by interference.

In particular, the “space division multiplexing” may be achieved usingany configuration only if a plurality of channels of independentmillimeter wave signal transmission paths 9 are formed in athree-dimensional space through which a millimeter wave signal or anelectromagnetic wave can be transmitted. Thus, the configuration is notlimited to the specific configuration wherein a plurality of channels offree space transmission paths 9B are formed in a free space such thatthey are spaced from each other by a distance with which interferencedoes not occur (refer to FIG. 4A).

For example, as seen in FIG. 4B, where a plurality of channels of freespace transmission paths 9B are provided in a free space, a structurefor disturbing propagation of a radio wave, that is, a millimeter waveblocking body MX, may be arranged between each adjacent ones oftransmission channels in order to suppress interference between thetransmission channels. The millimeter wave blocking body MX may be ormay not be a conductor.

Each of the plural channels of millimeter wave signal transmission paths9 may be configured as a free space transmission path 9B such that asignal propagates, for example, in a space in a housing. However, a freespace is not necessarily required, but a millimeter wave confiningstructure may be used instead. The millimeter wave confining structureis preferably formed from a waveguide structure of a waveguide pipe, atransmission path, a dielectric line or the inside of a dielectricmember such that it has a characteristic of transmitting anelectromagnetic wave in the millimeter waveband efficiently.

For example, such a dielectric transmission path 9A as seen in FIG. 4Cmay be adopted which is configured including a dielectric materialhaving a relative dielectric constant within a fixed range and adielectric loss tangent within a fixed range. For example, if adielectric material is filled in the entire housing, then not free spacetransmission paths but dielectric transmission paths 9A are disposedbetween the transmission path coupler 108 and the transmission pathcoupler 208. Or, the dielectric transmission path 9A may be configuredby connecting the antenna of the transmission path coupler 108 and theantenna of the transmission path coupler 208 to each other by adielectric line which is a line member formed from a dielectric materialand having a certain diameter.

The “fixed range” may be any range of the relative dielectric constantor the dielectric loss tangent within which an effect of the presentconfiguration can be achieved, and the relative dielectric constant orthe dielectric loss tangent may have a value within this range. Inshort, the dielectric material may be any material which can transmit amillimeter wave and has a characteristic with which the effect of thepresent configuration can be achieved. Since the effect of the presentconfiguration does not rely only upon the dielectric material itself butrelates also to the transmission path length or the frequency of themillimeter wave, the relative dielectric constant or the dielectric losstangent cannot necessarily be determined definitely. However, as anexample, they can be determined in the following manner.

In order to allow a signal of a millimeter wave to be transmitted at ahigh speed in the dielectric transmission path 9A, the relativedielectric constant of the dielectric material preferably isapproximately 2 to 10, and more preferably is approximately 3 to 6, andthe dielectric loss constant of the dielectric material preferably is0.00001 to 0.01, more preferably is approximately 0.00001 to 0.001. Asthe dielectric material which satisfies such conditions as given above,acrylic resin-based, urethane resin-based, epoxy resin-based,silicone-based, polyimide-based and cyanoacrylate-based materials areavailable. Unless otherwise specified, such ranges of the relativedielectric constant and the dielectric loss constant of the dielectricmaterial as given above are applied similarly in the presentconfiguration.

Where the dielectric transmission path 9A is configured in a millimeterwave confining structure, a dielectric shielding member of a metalmember or the like for suppressing external radiation of a millimeterwave signal, that is, a millimeter wave blocking body MY, may beprovided on an outer periphery of the dielectric transmission path 9A asseen in FIG. 4D to suppress external radiation of a millimeter wave.Preferably, the millimeter wave blocking body MY is set to a fixedpotential such as, for example, the ground potential, on the circuitboard. Where the millimeter wave blocking body MY is formed from aconductor, a shielding performance can be assured with a higher degreeof certainty than where the millimeter wave blocking body MY is notformed from a conductor.

As another example of the millimeter wave confining structure, a hollowwaveguide 9L which is surrounded over an outer periphery thereof by ashielding member and has a hollow structure may be used. For example, asseen in FIG. 4E, the hollow waveguide 9L is structured such that it issurrounded over an outer periphery thereof by a conductor MZ which is anexample of a shielding member and is hollow. The surrounding conductorMZ may be provided on any one of two boards disposed in an opposingrelationship to each other. The propagation loss L between thesurrounding conductor MZ and one of the boards, more particularly, thelength of a gap from an end of the conductor MZ to the opposing board,is set to a sufficiently low value in comparison with the wavelength ofthe millimeter wave. Where the surrounding shielding member is formed asthe conductor MZ, the shielding performance can be assured with a higherdegree of certainty than where it is not formed from a conductor.

If FIGS. 4B and 4E are compared with each other, then the hollowwaveguide 9L has a structure similar to the free space transmission path9B where the millimeter wave blocking body MX is disposed in the freespace transmission path 9B but is different from the free spacetransmission path 9B in that the conductor MZ which is an example of amillimeter wave shielding member is provided in such a manner as tosurround the antenna. Since the inside of the conductor MZ is hollow,there is no necessity to use a dielectric material, and the millimeterwave signal transmission path 9 can be configured simply and readily ata low cost. Preferably, the conductor MZ is set to a fixed potentialsuch as, for example, the ground potential on the board.

The configuration of the hollow waveguide 9L is not limited to thatwherein an enclosure is formed from the conductor MZ on the board, butthe hollow waveguide 9L may be configured such that a hole which may beor may not be a through-hole is formed in a rather thick board such thatthe wall face of the hole is utilized as the enclosure as seen in FIG.4F. The hole may have an arbitrary sectional shape such as a circularshape, a triangular shape or a quadrangular shape. In this instance, theboard functions as a shielding member. The hole may be formed in one orboth ones of a pair of boards disposed in an opposing relationship toeach other. The side wall of the hole may be or may not be covered witha dielectric member. Where the hole is formed as a through-hole, anantenna should be disposed on or attached to the rear face of asemiconductor chip. Where the hole is formed not as a through-hole butas a bottomed or blind hole, an antenna should be installed on thebottom of the hole.

Since the dielectric transmission path 9A and the hollow waveguide 9Lconfine a millimeter wave therein by the enclosure thereof, they canachieve such advantages that a millimeter wave can be transmittedefficiently with comparatively low loss, that external radiation of amillimeter wave is suppressed and that an EMC countermeasure can betaken comparatively easily.

As a further example of the millimeter wave confining structure, where athree-dimensional space which can transmit a millimeter wave signalwhich is an electromagnetic signal is configured from a dielectricmaterial which is an entity, a plurality of channels of independentmillimeter wave signal transmission paths 9, particularly the dielectrictransmission paths 9A (this similarly applies in this paragraph), areformed on the dielectric material. For example, it seems a possible ideato configure a printed board, on which electronic circuit parts aremounted, from a dielectric material and use the printed board as adielectric transmission path 9A. In this instance, it seems a possibleidea to form a plurality of independent dielectric transmission paths 9Ain the board.

Where the space division multiplexing is applied, it may seem a possibleidea to adopt a system configuration which includes various types ofmillimeter wave signal transmission paths 9 which are combined such thatone of the millimeter wave signal transmission paths 9 is formed as thefree space transmission path 9B and another one of the millimeter wavesignal transmission paths 9 is formed so as to have a millimeter waveconfining structure like the dielectric transmission path 9A or thehollow waveguide 9L.

<Modulation and Demodulation>

FIGS. 5A and 5B show a configurational example of a modulationfunctional unit and a demodulation functional unit in the communicationprocessing channel.

[Modulation Functional Unit]

FIG. 5A shows a configuration of a modulation functional unit 8300provided on the transmission side. A signal of a transmission subject,for example, an image signal of 12 bits, is converted by theparallel-serial converter 114 into a high-speed serial data string andsupplied to the modulation functional unit 8300.

The modulation functional unit 8300 can adopt various circuitconfigurations in accordance with the modulation method. However, forexample, if a method of modulating only the amplitude is adopted, thenthe modulation functional unit 8300 should be configured such that itincludes a frequency mixer 8302 and a transmission side local oscillator8304.

The transmission side local oscillator 8304 which serves as a firstcarrier signal generating unit generates a carrier signal to be used formodulation, that is, a modulation carrier signal. The frequency mixer8302 which serves as a first frequency converter multiplies or modulatesa carrier in the millimeter waveband generated by the transmission sidelocal oscillator 8304 by or with a signal from a parallel-serialconverter 8114 which corresponds to the parallel-serial converter 114 togenerate a modulation signal in the millimeter waveband. The modulationsignal is supplied to an amplifier 8117 which corresponds to theamplifier 117. The modulation signal is amplified by the amplifier 8117and radiated from an antenna 8136.

[Demodulation Functional Unit]

FIGS. 5B and 5C show a configuration of a demodulation functional unit8400 provided on the reception side. While the demodulation functionalunit 8400 can have various circuit configurations within a rangecorresponding to the modulation method on the transmission side, it isassumed here that the demodulation functional unit 8400 adopts a methodapplied where only the amplitude is modulated so as to correspond to thedescription of the modulation functional unit 8300 given hereinabove.

As seen in FIG. 5B, the demodulation functional unit 8400 of the firstexample includes a frequency mixer 8402 or mixer circuit of the 2-inputtype as an example of an amplitude detection circuit 8403 and uses asquare-law detection circuit from which a detection output whichincreases in proportion to the square of the amplitude of an envelope ofa received millimeter wave signal can be obtained.

A filter processor 8410, a clock recovering unit 8420 which is a clockdata recovery (CDR) unit and a serial-parallel converter (S-P) 8127which corresponds to the serial-parallel converter 127 are provided onthe succeeding stage to the frequency mixer 8402. The filter processor8410 includes, for example, a low-pass filter (LPF).

A millimeter wave reception signal received by an antenna 8236 isinputted to an amplifier 8224 of the variable gain type, whichcorresponds to the amplifier 224 and by which amplitude adjustment iscarried out for the millimeter wave reception signal. An output signalof the amplifier 8224 is supplied to the demodulation functional unit8400. In particular, the amplitude-adjusted reception signal from theamplifier 8224 is inputted simultaneously to two input terminals of thefrequency mixer 8402, by which a square signal is generated. The squaresignal is supplied to the filter processor 8410. The low-pass filter ofthe filter processor 8410 removes high frequency components from thesquare signal generated by the frequency mixer 8402 to generate awaveform of the input signal sent from the transmission side, that is, abaseband signal. The baseband signal is supplied to the clock recoveringunit 8420.

The filter processor 8410 (CDR) recovers a sampling clock based on thebaseband signal and samples the baseband signal with the recoveredsampling clock to generate a reception data string. The generatedreception data string is supplied to a serial-parallel converter 8227(S-P), by which parallel signals, for example, an image signal of 12bits, are recovered. Although various methods are available for clockrecovery, for example, a symbol synchronizing method is adopted.

It is to be noted that it seems a possible idea for the amplitudedetection circuit 8403 to be configured using a simple envelopedetection circuit which does not have a square-law characteristic inplace of the square-law detection circuit as in the case of the secondexample shown in FIG. 5C. The envelope detection circuit has anadvantage that it is free from a problem of secondary strain of aninput-output characteristic although such secondary strain matters withthe square-low detection circuit.

<Relationship Between Multi-Channel Transmission and Space DivisionMultiplexing>

FIGS. 6A to 6D illustrate a basic mechanism for achieving moderation ofan interference countermeasure in the relationship between multi-channeltransmission and space division multiplexing.

As one of techniques for achieving multi-channel transmission, it seemsa possible idea to apply space division multiplexing as describedhereinabove with reference to FIGS. 1 to 4F. However, also it seems apossible idea to use different carrier frequencies between communicationtransmission and reception pairs. That is, multi-channel transmissioncan be implemented by a frequency division multiplexing. Also fullduplex bidirectional transmission can be implemented readily ifdifferent carrier frequencies are used, and also it is possible toimplement a situation in which a plurality of semiconductor chips (suchas a set of the transmission-side signal generating unit 110 and thereception-side signal generating unit 220 and a set of the transmissionside signal generation unit 210 and the reception-side signal generatingunit 120) communicate independently with each other within a housing ofan electronic apparatus.

[Problems]

However, if a multi-channel configuration is adopted based on frequencydivision multiplexing in this manner, then as can be recognized from thedescription of frequency multiplexing given hereinabove with referenceto FIGS. 2A to 2E, there is the necessity to assure a considerably greatuse band for the entire millimeter wave signal transmission path 9. Thismakes a problem to a transmission path whose bandwidth is limited likethe dielectric transmission path 9A although the free space transmissionpath 9B can satisfy this requirement.

Meanwhile, the space division multiplexing can be applied readily towireless communication within an apparatus or between differentapparatus, and since the same carrier frequency can be used amongdifferent channels, there is an advantage that the restriction to thetransmission bandwidth is eliminated. However, with the space divisionmultiplexing, such an interference countermeasure as describedhereinabove with reference to FIGS. 4A to 4F is required. For example,with such a free space transmission path 9B as described hereinabovewith reference to FIG. 4A, it is essential to assure a sufficientdistance between transmission (reception) antennas. However, thissignifies that there is a restriction to the distance between channels,and makes a problem where there is the necessity to dispose a largenumber of antenna pairs (transmission channels) within a limited space.

As another technique for an interference countermeasure, it seems apossible idea to adopt such a structure as to prevent propagation ofradio waves between the transmission (reception) antennas as shown, forexample, in FIG. 4B. Alto it seems a possible idea to adopt such aconfining structure as the dielectric transmission path 9A or the hollowwaveguide 9L as described hereinabove with reference to FIGS. 4C to 4Fto reduce the distance between channels. However, those techniques havea difficult point that a higher cost is required than that of the freespace transmission path 9B.

[Principle of the Countermeasure Against the Problems]

Therefore, the wireless transmission system 1 of the present embodimentis proposed as a system which can moderate the degree of the requirementfor an interference countermeasure even where the millimeter wave signaltransmission path 9 is formed as the free space transmission path 9B inorder to implement multiplexing transmission by space divisionmultiplexing. “To moderate the degree of the requirement for aninterference countermeasure” signifies that it is made possible toreduce the distance between channels without the millimeter waveblocking body MX or that the interference countermeasure can bemoderated.

A basic concept is to make it possible to reduce the distance betweenchannels by providing the MIMO processors 603 and 604 on the receptionside to take an interference countermeasure from the aspect of basebandsignal processing.

The MIMO processors 603 and 604 are an example of transmissioncharacteristic correction units which carry out correction calculationbased on a transmission characteristic of the millimeter wave signaltransmission path 9 (transmission space) between the antenna 136 and theantenna 236 (reception antennas) for each of a plurality oftransmission-subject signals corresponding to the plural antennas 136(transmission antennas). The transmission characteristic is representedby a channel matrix, and as the correction calculation, inverse matrixcalculation is carried out for the transmission-subject signals of thechannels.

The significance of the correction calculation (inverse matrixcalculation) is to make it possible to acquire a transmission-subjectsignal from which an influence of a transmission characteristic iseliminated as a processed signal by correcting a transmissioncharacteristic of a demodulation signal. Where the modulation methodsfor the channels are same as each other, demodulation components basedon unnecessary waves received by the antennas 236 are canceled fully.Where the modulation methods for the channels are different from eachother, although components of unnecessary waves are not cancelled fully,an influence of the unnecessary wave components can be prevented bytreatment of a demodulation process.

Here, the MIMO process of the MIMO processors 603 and 604 in the presentembodiment is characterized in that it is a MIMO process which isintended only for direct waves between transmission and reception ofeach antenna. This is much different from an ordinary MIMO process forwireless transmission which may be carried out between differentapparatus or within a housing in that the ordinary MIMO process becomesa signal process which handles a plurality of reception signals. This isbecause, as a countermeasure for multipath transmission that a radiowave transmitted from the transmission side is reflected or diffractedby parts, walls and so forth in a housing and consequently the sameradio wave arrives at the reception side from a plurality of differentroutes, one reception antenna handles a plurality of reception signalsincluding also reflection waves transmitted along different routes whichare different from a route along which a direct wave emitted from thesame transmission antenna is transmitted.

This is because, where a millimeter wave or (microwave) having acomparatively short wavelength is used in wireless signal transmissionwithin an apparatus or between different apparatus, it is possible tosubstantially eliminate an obstacle to the wireless transmission in aspace in which the millimeter wave signal transmission path 9 to whichthe space division multiplexing is applied is formed, and in thisinstance, there is little necessity to take an influence of reflectedwaves into consideration.

If a radio wave from a plurality of paths is received on the receptionside in a multipath environment, then since the paths are different indistance therebetween, the time required for the radio wave from thetransmission side to arrive at the reception side differs between thedifferent paths. Therefore, a plurality of radio waves having phasesdisplaced from each other are received by the reception side. As aresult, the waveform of the reception signal is distorted, resulting inthe possibility that the signal may not be received. As a countermeasureagainst this, it seems a possible idea to apply a MIMO process. In thisinstance, also an approach to the channel matrix becomes conforming tothe multipath countermeasure.

However, the MIMO process in the present embodiment is different fromsuch a MIMO process for a multipath countermeasure as just described,and also the approach to the channel matrix is different from that for amultipath countermeasure.

However, although it is easy to solve an inverse matrix to a channelmatrix in an environment in which reflected waves exist abundantly,there is the possibility that it may be difficult to obtain an inversematrix to a channel matrix in a real environment in which direct wavesonly exist without reflected waves. In the present embodiment, theantenna arrangement is restricted so as to prevent it from becomingdifficult to obtain an inverse matrix to a channel matrix.

Thereupon, although details are hereinafter described, in the presentembodiment, the antenna arrangement (the distance between the antennason the transmission side and the reception side) is set to apredetermined distance so that the number of multipliers (components ofamplifiers) and adders required in a MIMO process can be reduced, andthe MIMO process on the reception side is set in conformity with thesetting. In other words, the antenna arrangement is determined so thatthe number of MIMO processes can be reduced, and MIMO processing on thereception side is carried out only for direct waves in conformity withthe antenna arrangement.

The relationships described have an influence on whether or notquadrature detection or synchronous detection is required in thedemodulation functional unit 8400. If quadrature detection orsynchronous detection is unnecessary, then envelope detection orsquare-law detection can be applied. Although details are hereinafterdescribed, the present embodiment adopts a configuration of applyingenvelope detection or square-law detection by setting the inter-antennadistance of the antennas 136 on the transmission side and the antennas236 on the reception side so that the necessity for such quadraturedetection or synchronous detection may be eliminated.

Anyway, by applying MIMO processing to the reception side, the demandfor an interference countermeasure where the free space transmissionpath 9B is applied is moderated. Further, by commonly using a carrierfrequency among different channels, it is made possible to carry outMIMO processing in a baseband on the reception side, and by restrictingthe antenna arrangement, the MIMO processing amount (inverse matrixcalculation amount) is reduced.

While, in embodiments hereinafter described, a carrier frequency commonto each channel is used, this is not essential, but at least it isnecessary for the carrier frequencies of each channel to be in amutually synchronized relationship. A basic approach to the spacedivision multiplexing normally is to make carrier frequencies indifferent channels common (or equal) to each other. If a commonfrequency is applied to carrier signals on the transmission side, thensince the influence of the carrier frequency is equal among each channelwith certainty, MIMO processing in the baseband region can be carriedout efficiently with certainty. Where the carrier frequencies aredifferent among the different channels, such a countermeasure as toprovide a demodulator or a frequency selection filter corresponding toeach carrier frequency for each channel is required on the receptionside, resulting in increase of the system scale. In those regards, useof a common carrier frequency among each channel exhibits significantadvantages.

The MIMO process generally requires complex number processing (orcorresponding processing) and increases the circuit scale. In contrast,by restricting the antenna arrangement paying attention to the fact thatonly direct waves are determined as a subject of processing and carryingout signal processing in conformity with the antenna arrangement, theMIMO calculation amount (inverse matrix calculation amount) can bereduced.

While, in the first example shown in FIG. 6A, the reception side has aone-chip configuration for the N channels while the transmission sidehas a configuration wherein the semiconductor chip 103 whichaccommodates the modulation functional unit 8300 (MOD) therein is usedfor each of the channels. Thus, the first example shown in FIG. 6A hasan N:1 configuration. However, this is not an essential requirementwhere the MIMO processing is applied to the reception side.

For example, a second example shown in FIG. 6B has a 1:1 configurationwherein the reception side has a one-chip configuration and also thetransmission side has a one-chip configuration. Where the configurationof the second example is adopted, since the transmission side has aone-chip configuration, it is not essential for the modulationfunctional unit 8300 in the transmission-side signal generating unit 110to include the transmission side local oscillator 8304 for each of thechannels. In particular, the transmission side local oscillator 8304should be provided for only one channel, and in the remaining channels,a carrier signal itself generated by the transmission side localoscillator 8304 should be used to carry out frequency conversion(modulation).

A third example shown in FIG. 6C had a 1:N configuration wherein thetransmission side has a one-chip configuration and the reception sidehas a configuration which uses a chip for each of the channels. A fourthexample shown in FIG. 6D has an N:N configuration wherein thetransmission side uses a chip for each of the channels and also thereception side uses a chip for each of the channels. In the third orfourth example, the MIMO processor 604 used commonly by all of thechannels is provided between the demodulation functional units 8400(DEMOD) of the individual channels and the serial-parallel converter8227.

In the following, the wireless transmission system 1 of the presentembodiment which carries out a MIMO process is described particularlypaying attention to the MIMO process. It is to be noted that, unlessotherwise specified, unidirectional communication from the firstcommunication device 100 to the second communication device 200 isdescribed for simplified description. Further, it is assumed that thetransmission system has a chip configuration as an optimum form whereinthe first communication devices 100 of M channels each accommodating themodulation functional unit 8300 are accommodated in one semiconductorchip 103. Also the reception system has a chip configuration as anoptimum form wherein all of the reception-side signal generating units220 of M channels each accommodating the demodulation functional unit8400 are accommodated in one semiconductor chip 203. In short,communication is carried out from the first communication device 100which incorporates one semiconductor chip 103 which accommodates thetransmission-side signal generating units 110 of M channels to thesecond communication device 200 which incorporates one semiconductorchip 203 which accommodates the reception-side signal generating units220 of M channels.

<Outline of MIMO Process Applied to Reception Side>

FIGS. 7A to 17B illustrate an outline of a MIMO process applied to thereception side. In particular, FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrate calculation ofthe MIMO process applied to the reception side. FIG. 8 illustrates abasis of a calculation technique of the MIMO process applied to thereception side. FIGS. 9A and 9B illustrate a basis of the MIMO processon the reception side where two channels are used. FIGS. 10A to 10Cillustrate a relationship between a path difference and a channel matrixwhere two channels are used. FIGS. 11A to 11D illustrate referenceexample (referred to as first example) of constraint conditions forantenna arrangement where two channels are used. FIGS. 12A to 12Dillustrate constraint conditions of the present embodiment (referred toas second example) for antenna arrangement where two channels are used.FIG. 13 illustrates an adjustment or correction method of a pathdifference where an antenna has a phase characteristic which relies upondirectivity. FIGS. 14 and 15 illustrate application techniques of theMIMO process where three or more antenna pairs are used. FIGS. 16A and16B illustrate an application technique of the MIMO process to a casewherein antennas for transmission and reception are arrangedthree-dimensionally. FIGS. 17A and 17B illustrate basic configurationswhere a MIMO process on the reception side is carried out by digitalprocessing.

[Calculation of the MIMO Process]

FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrate an approach to a calculation method of theMIMO process applied in the present embodiment. In FIGS. 7A and 7B, inorder to use M transmission channels in space division multiplexing, Mantennas 136 and 236 are used. From each of the antennas 136 on thetransmission side, a millimeter wave signal is transmitted to theantennas 236 on the reception side which are disposed in an opposingrelationship to the antennas 136.

Referring to FIGS. 7A and 7B, a solid line indicates a desired wavetransmitted from the antenna 136_1 directly to the antenna 236_1disposed in an opposing relationship to the antenna 136_1. Meanwhile, abroken line indicates an unnecessary wave or interference wavetransmitted from the antenna 136_1 to another antenna 236_2 which is notdisposed in an opposing relationship to the antenna 136_1. Both of thedesired wave and the unnecessary wave are direct waves transmitteddirectly from the antenna 136_1 to the antennas 236_1 and 236_2,respectively.

Here, a channel matrix H applied to calculation of the MIMO process isrepresented by an expression (1-1) given below. In the channel matrix Hof M rows and M columns, an element of i=j from among matrix elementshi,j is an element relating to a desired wave, and an element of i≠j isan element relating to an unnecessary wave. Further, a reception signalr at this time is represented by an expression (1-2) given below. In theexpression (1-2), s denotes a transmission signal and v denotes noise.

$\begin{matrix}\left. \begin{matrix}{H = {\begin{pmatrix}h_{1,1} & h_{1,2} & \ldots & h_{1,M} \\h_{2,1} & h_{2,2} & \ldots & h_{2,M} \\\; & \ddots & \; & \; \\h_{M,1} & h_{M,2} & \ldots & h_{M,M}\end{pmatrix}_{M \times M}\mspace{14mu} \left( {1\text{-}1} \right)}} \\{\left. \begin{matrix}{\begin{pmatrix}r_{1} \\r_{2} \\\vdots \\r_{M}\end{pmatrix} = {{\begin{pmatrix}h_{1,1} & h_{1,2} & \ldots & h_{1,M} \\h_{2,1} & h_{2,2} & \ldots & h_{2,M} \\\vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \; \\h_{M,1} & h_{M,2} & \ldots & h_{M,M}\end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix}s_{1} \\s_{2} \\\vdots \\s_{M}\end{pmatrix}} + \begin{pmatrix}v_{1} \\v_{2} \\\vdots \\v_{M}\end{pmatrix}}} \\{r = {{HS} + v}}\end{matrix} \right\} \mspace{14mu} \left( {1\text{-}2} \right)}\end{matrix} \right\} & (1)\end{matrix}$

As seen from FIG. 7B, in the MIMO process on the reception side by theMIMO processor 604, an inverse matrix H⁻¹ (also called reception signalweight matrix) to the channel matrix H is multiplied by the receptionsignal r. As a result, on the reception side, a transmission-subjectsignal s (+noise component H⁻¹·v) is obtained. The transmission-subjectsignal s is a baseband signal before the modulation.

As can be recognized from this, if the MIMO process is applied in thebaseband region after the demodulation on the reception side, then thetransmission-subject signal s which is free from an influence of aninterference wave can be acquired. As a result, where it is intended toimplement multiplexing transmission by space division multiplexing, evenwhere the millimeter wave signal transmission path 9 is formed as thefree space transmission path 9B, the degree of requirement for aninterference countermeasure can be moderated, and the interferencecountermeasure can be eliminated. Alternatively, the interferencecountermeasure can be moderated.

The inverse matrix calculation by the MIMO processor 604 based on theinverse matrix H⁻¹ is a process of superposing inverse components in abaseband region to components based on unnecessary waves received by theantenna 236 on the reception side on demodulation outputs of thereception signals of desired waves and unnecessary waves so that thecomponents based on the unnecessary waves may be canceled.

[Relationship Between MIMO Process Applied to Reception Side and CarrierFrequency]

FIG. 8 illustrates a relationship between the MIMO process applied tothe reception side and the carrier frequency. Referring to FIG. 8, thefirst communication device 100 includes a modulation functional unit8300 which in turn includes a plurality of amplitude detection frequencymixers 8302 for individual channels. In the present example, thefrequency mixers 8302 of the individual channels adopt a method whichmodulates the amplitude but do not adopt quadrature modulation. Themodulation functional unit 8300 further includes a single transmissionside local oscillator 8304 used commonly to all channels. A carriersignal itself generated by the transmission side local oscillator 8304is used by the frequency mixers 8302 of the channels to carry outmodulation. This configuration is convenient because the semiconductorchip 103 on the transmission side has a one-chip configuration.

The second communication device 200 includes a demodulation functionalunit 8400 which in turn includes a plurality of amplitude detectioncircuits 8403 for individual channels. The amplitude detection circuit8403 is of the type which does not adopt quadrature detection orsynchronous detection but simply demodulates an amplitude component ofan amplitude modulation wave and is configured using, for example, anenvelope detection circuit or a square-law detection circuit.

If the single transmission side local oscillator 8304 used commonly toall channels is provided and the carrier signal generated by thetransmission side local oscillator 8304 is used by the frequency mixers8302 of the channels to carry out modulation, then the influence of thecarrier signal is equal among the different channels. By using a carrierfrequency commonly to all channels in order to make the most of thebasic advantage of the space division multiplexing, the influence of thecarrier frequency becomes equal among the different symbols, andconsequently, a MIMO process can be carried out in the baseband regionon the reception side.

[Relationship Between Constraint to Antenna Arrangement and MIMOProcessing Amount]

FIGS. 9A to 12D illustrate a relationship between a constraint to theantenna arrangement and the MIMO processing amount, that is, the inversematrix calculation amount.

For example, FIGS. 9A and 9B show the simplest configuration ready fortwo channels including two antenna pairs. Referring first to FIG. 9A,the semiconductor chip 103 on the transmission side includes antennas136_1 and 136_2, and an antenna 236_1 is provided on a semiconductorchip 203_1 in a facing relationship to the antenna 136_1 while anotherantenna 236_2 is provided in a facing relationship to the antenna 136_2.It is to be noted that the antennas 136 are equivalent to the antennas8136 while the antennas 236 are equivalent to the antennas 8236. Thissimilarly applies also to the following description.

The term “facing” signifies that paired antennas are disposed such thatthey do not have a phase characteristic which relies upon directivity.In other words, the “facing” signifies that the radiation angle of adesired wave from an antenna 136 and the incidence angle of the desiredwave to a corresponding antenna 236 are zero. Details of this “facing,”a phase characteristic which relies upon the directivity of an antennaand so forth are hereinafter described. In the following description,unless otherwise specified, it is assumed that paired antennas aredisposed in the “facing” state.

The distance between antennas relating to a desired wave is representedby d1. In particular, the facing distance between the antenna 136_1 ofthe semiconductor chip 103 and the antenna 236_1 of the semiconductorchip 203 is d1. Similarly, also the facing distance between the antenna136_2 of the semiconductor chip 103 and the antenna 236_2 of thesemiconductor chip 203 is d1. On the other hand, the distance betweenantennas relating to an unnecessary wave is d2. In particular thedistance between the antenna 136_1 of the semiconductor chip 103 and theantenna 236_2 of the semiconductor chip 203 is d2. Similarly, also thedistance between the antenna 136_2 of the semiconductor chip 103 and theantenna 236_1 of the semiconductor chip 203 is d2.

A desired wave transmitted from the antenna 136_1 is received directlyby the antenna 236_1. A desired wave transmitted from the antenna 136_2is received directly by the antenna 236_2. An unnecessary wavetransmitted from the antenna 136_1 is received directly by the antenna236_2. An unnecessary wave transmitted from the antenna 136_2 isreceived directly by the antenna 236_1.

Since the distance d1<distance d2, even if the transmission levels ofthe antennas 136_1 and 136_2 are equal, the reception level of thedesired wave received by the antenna 236_1 or 236_2 is higher than thereception level of the unnecessary wave received by the antenna 236_2 or236_1 due to distance attenuation. This makes also a factor of the factthat an inverse matrix to a channel matrix exists without exception.

A MIMO process generally requires complex number calculation or aprocess corresponding to such complex number calculation, and thisincreases the circuit scale. For example, in such a case wherein twoantenna pairs are provided as seen in FIG. 9A, such a circuitconfiguration intended for universal use as seen in FIG. 9B is adopted.Where biaxial modulation, that is, modulation of an I component and a Qcomponent, is carried out as in the QPSK, if path condition settinghereinafter described is not carried out, then real numbermultiplication is required by 16 (=2·2·2²) times and addition isrequired by 12 times. If three channels are used, then real numbermultiplication is required by 2·2·3² times, and generally if M channelsare used, then real number multiplication is required by 2·2·M² times.In the case of uniaxial modulation as in the ASK method or the BPSKmethod, where M channels are used, real number multiplication isrequired by 2·M² times.

FIGS. 10A to 10C illustrate basic matters of a relationship between adistance difference Δd (=d2−d1: hereinafter referred to as pathdifference Δd) between the inter-antenna distance d1 of a desired waveand the inter-antenna distance d2 of an unnecessary wave where twochannels, that is, two antenna pairs, are used and a channel matrix.

FIG. 10A illustrates a relationship between desired waves andunnecessary waves at the two antennas 236_1 and 236_2 on the receptionside from the two antennas 136_1 and 136_2 on the transmission side, anda solid line indicates a desired wave while a broken line indicates anunnecessary wave. FIG. 10B illustrates a situation of the real numberterm (cos term) of elements of a channel matrix H and an inverse matrixH⁻¹ to the channel matrix H in a relation to the phase. FIG. 100illustrates a situation of the imaginary number term (sin term) of theelements of the channel matrix H and an inverse matrix H⁻¹ to thechannel matrix H in a relation to the phase.

Two transmission signals are represented by S1(t)=A1·exp(jwt) andS2(t)=A2·exp(jwt). A distance attenuation factor of an unnecessary wavewith respect to a desired wave is represented by a where 0≦α<1. Thefrequency of a carrier signal is represented by fo, and the wavelengthof the carrier signal is represented by λc. The transmission andreception antenna distance d1 of a desired wave is represented by “d,”and the transmission and reception spatial channel distance d₂ of anunnecessary wave is represented by “d+Δd.” “Δd” is a range difference orpath difference between the desired wave and the unnecessary wave, andthis is converted into time and represented by Δt.

A reception signal R1(t) of the antenna 236_1 on the reception side is acombination of the desired wave from the opposing antenna 136_1 and theunnecessary wave from the antenna 136_2 which does not oppose to theantenna 236_1, and is represented by an expression (2-1) given below. Areception signal R2(t) of the antenna 236_2 is a combination of thedesired wave from the opposing antenna 136_2 and the unnecessary wavefrom the antenna 136_1 which does not oppose to the antenna 236_2, andis represented by an expression (2-2) given below.

$\begin{matrix}\left. \begin{matrix}{\left. \begin{matrix}{{R\; 1(t)} = {{S\; 1(t)} + {{\alpha \cdot S}\; 2\left( {t - {\Delta \; t}} \right)}}} \\{\mspace{65mu} {= {{S\; 1(t)} + {{\alpha \cdot A}\; 2e^{{j\omega}{({t - {\Delta \; t}})}}}}}} \\{\mspace{85mu} {= {{S\; 1(t)} + {{\alpha \cdot S}\; 2{(t) \cdot ^{{- {j\omega\Delta}}\; t}}}}}}\end{matrix} \right\} \mspace{14mu} \left( {2\text{-}1} \right)} \\{\left. \begin{matrix}{{R\; 2(t)} = {{{\alpha \cdot S}\; 1\left( {t - {\Delta \; t}} \right)} + {S\; 2(t)}}} \\{\mspace{65mu} {= {{{\alpha \cdot A}\; 1^{{j\omega}{({t - {\Delta \; t}})}}} + {S\; 2(t)}}}} \\{\mspace{95mu} {= {{{\alpha \cdot S}\; 1(t)} + ^{{- {j\omega\Delta}}\; t} + {S\; 2(t)}}}}\end{matrix} \right\} \mspace{14mu} \left( {2\text{-}2} \right)}\end{matrix} \right\} & (2)\end{matrix}$

If e(−jωΔt) in the expressions (2-1) and (2-2) is replaced with “D”(=cos ωΔt−j sin ωΔt), then expressions (3-1) and (3-2) given below areobtained, respectively.

$\begin{matrix}\left. \begin{matrix}{\left. \begin{matrix}{{R\; 1} = {{S\; 1} + {{\alpha \cdot D \cdot S}\; 2}}} \\{{R\; 2} = {{{\alpha \cdot D \cdot S}\; 1} + {S\; 1}}}\end{matrix} \right\} \mspace{14mu} \left( {3\text{-}1} \right)} \\{\left. {\begin{pmatrix}{R\; 1} \\{R\; 2}\end{pmatrix} = {\begin{pmatrix}1 & {\alpha \cdot D} \\{\alpha \cdot D} & 1\end{pmatrix} \cdot \begin{pmatrix}{S\; 1} \\{S\; 2}\end{pmatrix}}} \right\} \mspace{14mu} \left( {3\text{-}2} \right)}\end{matrix} \right\} & (3)\end{matrix}$

Then, from the expression (3-2), a channel matrix H represented by anexpression (4-1) and an inverse matrix H⁻¹ represented by an expression(4-2) are obtained. In the expression (4-2), detH=1−(α·D)².

$\begin{matrix}\left. \begin{matrix}{H = {\begin{pmatrix}1 & {\alpha \cdot D} \\{\alpha \cdot D} & 1\end{pmatrix}\mspace{14mu} \left( {4\text{-}1} \right)}} \\{H^{- 1} = {\frac{1}{\det \; H}\begin{pmatrix}1 & {{- \alpha} \cdot D} \\{{- \alpha} \cdot D} & 1\end{pmatrix}\mspace{14mu} \left( {4\text{-}2} \right)}} \\{{\det \; H} = {1 - {\alpha^{2} \cdot D^{2}}}}\end{matrix} \right\} & (4)\end{matrix}$

In this instance, if a fixed condition is set for the path differenceΔd, then each element of the channel matrix H includes only a realnumber term (cos term) or an imaginary number term (sin term). Further,due to the presence of the distance attenuation element a, the inversematrix H⁻¹ to the channel matrix H is determined without fail, and alsoeach element of the inverse matrix H⁻¹ includes only a real number term(cos term) or an imaginary number term (sin term).

For example, where a channel matrix H where two channels are used isnormalized, an element of a desired wave (in the first row of the firstcolumn or the second row of the second column) is a real number term(=1) irrespective of the path difference Δd. In contrast, an element ofan unnecessary wave (in the first row of the second column or the secondrow of the first column) is one of a real number term only, an imaginarynumber term only and a “real number term+imaginary number term”depending upon the path difference Δd.

For example, where “Δd=(n/2+¼)λc (n is 0 or a positive integer equal toor higher than 1)” is satisfied (hereinafter referred to as pathcondition 1), the path difference Δd has a relationship that it is equalto an odd-number of times of π/2 in phase, and since the real numberterm (cos term) becomes equal to zero, the path difference Δd has onlythe imaginary number term (sin term). If the path difference Δd isdisplaced from the relationship of the path condition 1, then theelement comes to be represented by the “real number term and imaginarynumber term.” However, if the path difference Δd is proximate to therelationship of the path condition 1, then the real number termcomponent with respect to the imaginary number term component is muchsmaller and therefore may be treated substantially as including only theimaginary number term. In other words, although it is optimum to fullysatisfy Δd=(n/2+¼)λc, there is no problem even if the path difference Δdis displaced a little from the relationship of the path condition 1. Inthe present specification, the term “only the imaginary number term” isintended to include such a case that the path difference Δd has somedisplacement from the relationship of the path condition 1.

Here, particularly where n is 0 or an even number, the imaginary numberterm becomes “+1,” and therefore, an unnecessary wave rotates by π/2 inphase with respect to a desired wave because of a path difference. Atthis time, since “detH=1−(α·D)²=1−(α·−j)²>1,” the inverse matrix H⁻¹ tothe channel matrix H can exist. Since “−α·D=−j·α” in the MIMO process onthe transmission side, an unnecessary component is made to have a phaseof “−π/2” with respect to a desired component.

On the other hand, where n is an odd number, since the imaginary numberterm becomes “−1,” an unnecessary wave rotates by −π/2 in phase withrespect to a desired wave because of a path difference. At this time,since “detH=1−(α·D)²=1−(α·j)²>1,” the inverse matrix H⁻¹ to the channelmatrix H can exist. Since “−α·D=j·α” in the MIMO process on thetransmission side, an unnecessary component is made to have a phase of“π/2” with respect to a desired component.

On the other hand, where “Δd=(n/2)λC (n is a positive integer equal toor greater than 1) is satisfied (hereinafter referred to as pathcondition 2), the path difference Δd has a phase equal to an integralnumber of times of π, and since the imaginary number term (sin term)becomes zero, only the real number term remains. If the path differenceΔd is displaced from the relationship of the path condition 2, then theelement comes to be represented by the “real number term and imaginarynumber term.” However, if the path difference Δd is proximate to therelationship of the path condition 2, then the imaginary number termcomponent with respect to the real number term component is much smallerand therefore may be treated substantially as including only the realnumber term. In other words, although it is optimum to fully satisfyΔd=(n/2)λc, there is no problem even if the path difference Δd isdisplaced a little from the relationship of the path condition 2. In thepresent specification, the term “only the real number term” is intendedto include such a case that the path difference Δd has some displacementfrom the relationship of the path condition 2.

Here, particularly where n is an even number, the real number termbecomes “+1,” and therefore, an unnecessary wave rotates by 2π in phasewith respect to a desired wave because of a path difference. At thistime, since “detH=1−(α·D)²=1−(α·1)²>1,” the inverse matrix H⁻¹ to thechannel matrix H can exist. Since “−α·D=−α” in the MIMO process on thetransmission side, an unnecessary component is made have a phase of “−π”with respect to a desired component, that is, have a same phase of theopposite polarity.

On the other hand, where n is an odd number, since the real number termbecomes “−1,” an unnecessary wave rotates by u in phase with respect toa desired wave, that is, comes to have the same phase in the oppositepolarity. At this time, since “detH=1−(α·D)²=1−(α·−1)²>1,” the inversematrix H⁻¹ to the channel matrix H can exist. Since “−α·D=α” in the MIMOprocess on the transmission side, an unnecessary component is made tohave a phase of “2π” with respect to a desired component, that is, comesto have the same phase in the same polarity.

In short, the difference between the inter-antenna distance d1 of adesired wave and the inter-antenna distance d2 of an unnecessary wavebetween the antenna 136 which is a transmission antenna and the antenna236 which is a reception antenna should be set such that each of theelements of unnecessary waves of a channel matrix H which defines thetransmission characteristic of the free space transmission path 9B (andalso of an inverse matrix H⁻¹ to the channel matrix H) can berepresented substantially only by a real number term or an imaginarynumber term.

Paying attention to such a characteristic based on the preset value ofthe path difference Δd as described above, the antenna arrangement isdetermined so as to satisfy the path condition 1 or the path condition2. By the configuration, each of elements of unnecessary waves of achannel matrix can include only an imaginary number term or a realnumber term. As a result, an inverse matrix calculation process by theMIMO processor 604 can be simplified. Particularly in the presentinvention, if the antenna arrangement is determined so as to satisfy thepath condition 2 where each element includes only a real number term,then the demodulation functional unit 8400 come to be configured withoutusing a quadrature detection circuit.

[Path Condition 1]

FIGS. 11A to 11D illustrate a reference example of a constraintcondition of the antenna arrangement where two channels or two antennapairs are used. It is to be noted that the example is hereinafterreferred to as antenna arrangement of the first example. The antennaarrangement of the first example is configured such that the pathdifference Δd satisfies the path condition 1 described hereinabove. Inother words, the distance difference or path difference Δd between theinter-antenna distance d1 of a desired wave and the inter-antennadistance d2 of an unnecessary wave is set so as to approach therelationship of “(n/2+¼)λc.”

Where the path difference Δd satisfies the path condition 1, asdescribed hereinabove with reference also to FIGS. 10A to 10C, thechannel matrix H includes elements only of a real number term Re or animaginary number term Im as seen in FIG. 11B, and also the inversematrix H⁻¹ to the channel matrix H includes elements only of a realnumber term Re′ or an imaginary number term Im′. In other words,elements of desired waves in the first row in the first column and inthe second row in the second column include only a real number term, andelements of unnecessary waves in the first row in the second column andin the second row in the first column include only an imaginary numberterm. Therefore, the MIMO processing amount can be reduced.

It is to be noted that, since the imaginary number term Im′ (quadraturecomponent) exists, even if the modulation method where the presentconfigurational example is not applied is modulation which originallyinvolves no quadrature component like, for example, the ASK method orthe BPSK method, a demodulation circuit for a quadrature component, thatis, a quadrature detection circuit, is required as the demodulationfunctional unit 8400.

FIG. 11C illustrates a state of reception signals of individual channelswhere a MIMO process is carried out applying the path condition 1 wherethe modulation method is the BPSK method. As seen in FIG. 11C,components of the first channel ch1 are received as a composite signalof an I-axis component (Ch1_I) of an original desired value, that is, adesired wave for a desired signal, and a Q-axis component (Ch2_Q′) of anunnecessary wave for an unnecessary signal originating from the secondchannel ch2 by the antenna 236_1. Components of the second channel ch2are received as a composite signal of an I-axis component (Ch2_I) of anoriginal desired wave for a desired signal and a Q-axis component(Ch1_Q′) of an unnecessary wave for an unnecessary signal originatingfrom the first channel ch1 by the antenna 236_2. As can be recognizedfrom FIG. 11C, since the desired wave and the unnecessary wave arequadrature to each other, the demodulation functional unit 8400 requiresa quadrature detection circuit. Since, in the MIMO process on thereception side, a component of an unnecessary wave which appears as aquadrature component to the desired signal is canceled, the demodulationfunctional unit 8400 requires a quadrature detection circuit.

FIG. 11D shows the MIMO processor 604A of the first example (referenceexample) corresponding to FIG. 11C and preceding stage circuitsincluding the antenna 236, amplifier 8224 and demodulation functionalunit 8400.

The demodulation functional unit 8400 includes a reception side localoscillator 8404 provided commonly to the channels for generating acarrier signal and a quadrature detection circuit 8460 provided for eachof the channels. Each of the quadrature detection circuits 8460 includesa frequency mixer 8402_I for demodulating an I-axis component, afrequency mixer 8402_Q for demodulating a Q-axis component, and a phaseshifter 8462 for shifting the phase of a recovered carrier signal by 90degrees, that is, by π/2. A recovered carrier signal is supplied fromthe reception side local oscillator 8404 to the frequency mixer 8402_I.The recovered carrier signal from the reception side local oscillator8404 is supplied to the frequency mixer 8402_Q after it is shifted byπ/2 by the phase shifter 8462. The demodulation functional unit 8400carries out quadrature detection on a reception signal or desired waveregarding a desired signal and a reception signal or unnecessary waveregarding an unnecessary signal for each transmission channel.Consequently, a desired signal and an unnecessary signal are demodulatedindividually for each channel.

The quadrature detection circuit 8460 for the first channel supplies ademodulation output of the frequency mixer 8402_I to a filter processor8410_I and supplies a demodulation output of the frequency mixer 8402_Qto a filter processor 8410_Q. From the filter processor 8410_I, ademodulation signal CH1_I of the first channel ch1 which is a desiredcomponent is outputted, and from the filter processor 8410_Q, ademodulation signal CH2_Q′ of the second channel ch2 which is anunnecessary component to the first channel is outputted.

Also the quadrature detection circuit 8460 for the second channelsimilarly supplies a demodulation output of the frequency mixer 8402_Ito the filter processor 8410_I and supplies a demodulation output of thefrequency mixer 8402_Q to the filter processor 8410. From the filterprocessor 8410_I, a demodulation signal CH2_I of the second channel ch2which is a desired component is outputted, and from the filter processor8410_Q, a demodulation signal CH1_Q′ of the first channel ch1 which isan unnecessary component to the second channel is outputted.

A MIMO processor 604A carries out an inverse matrix calculation processby analog processing and includes four multipliers 612, 614, 616 and 618and two adders 615 and 619. To the multiplier 612, the demodulationsignal CH1_I outputted from the filter processor 8410_I of the firstchannel is inputted, and to the multiplier 614, the demodulation signalCH1_Q′ outputted from the filter processor 8410_Q of the second channelis inputted. To the multiplier 616, the demodulation signal CH2_Q′outputted from the filter processor 8410_Q of the first channel isinputted, and to the multiplier 618, the demodulation signal CH2_Ioutputted from the filter processor 8410_I of the second channel isinputted.

The multiplier 612 multiplies or amplifies the demodulation signal CH1_Iof the first channel ch1 of a desired signal by or with an element,which is the real number term Re′, in the first row in the first columnof the inverse matrix. The multiplier 614 multiplies or amplifies thedemodulation signal CH1_Q′ of the first channel ch1 of an unnecessarysignal to the second channel ch2 by or with an element, which is theimaginary number term Im′, in the first row in the second column of theinverse matrix. The multiplier 616 multiplies or amplifies thedemodulation signal CH2_Q′ of the second channel ch2 of an unnecessarysignal to the first channel ch1 by or with an element, which is theimaginary number term Im′, in the second row in the first column of theinverse matrix. The multiplier 618 multiplies or amplifies thedemodulation signal CH2_I of the second channel ch2 of a desired signalby or with an element, which is the real number term Re′, in the secondrow in the second column of the inverse matrix. It is to be noted that,if an element of the matrix is in the negative, then it is inverted andthen amplified.

Each of the adders 615 and 619 adds a signal of a self channel, that is,a channel for the adder itself, received and demodulated as a desiredwave in the self channel and a signal of the self channel received anddemodulated as an unnecessary wave in the other channel. By suchaddition, a demodulation component of a desired wave of a self channeland another demodulation component treated as an unnecessary componentbased on an unnecessary wave in the other channel is acquired.

In particular, the adder 615 adds a signal CH1_Re′ of the first channelreceived as a desired wave and demodulated by signal processing for theself channel and a signal CH1_Im′ of the first channel received as anunnecessary wave and demodulated by signal processing for the secondchannel. By the addition, the demodulation component Ch1_Re′ of thedesired wave of the self channel and the demodulation component CH1_Im′treated as an unnecessary signal based on an unnecessary wave in theother channel are combined to acquire a transmission-subject signal ofthe first channel.

Similarly, the adder 619 adds a signal Ch2_Re′ of the second channelreceived as a desired wave and modulated by signal processing for theself channel and a signal Ch2_Im′ of the second channel received as anunnecessary wave and demodulated by signal processing for the firstchannel. By the addition, the demodulation component Ch2_Re′ of thedesired wave of the self channel and the demodulation component CH2_Im′treated as an unnecessary signal based on an unnecessary wave in theother channel are combined to acquire a transmission-subject signal ofthe second channel.

In this manner, where the modulation method in the case wherein thepresent configuration is not applied is the PBSK method and the numberof antennas is two, by carrying out the MIMO process on the receptionside applying the path condition 1, the number of times by which realnumber calculation must be carried out in inverse matrix calculation bythe MIMO processor 604A is four, and the number of adders is 2. Thus,the number of times of real number multiplication can be reduced to ¼and the number of adders can be reduced from those in the case whereinthe path condition 1 of the present configuration is not applied.

[Path Condition 2]

FIGS. 12A to 12D illustrate the constraint condition to the antennaarrangement of the present embodiment where two channels or two antennapairs are used. It is to be noted that the example is hereinafterreferred to as antenna arrangement of the second example. The antennaarrangement of the second example is configured so as to make the pathdifference Δd to satisfy the path condition 2 described hereinabove. Inparticular, the antenna arrangement of the second example is configuredso that the distance difference or path difference Δd between theinter-antenna distance d1 of a desired wave and the inter-antennadistance d2 of an unnecessary wave may approach the relationship of“(n/2)λc.”

Where the path difference Δd satisfies the path condition 2, asdescribed hereinabove with reference also to FIGS. 10A to 10C, thechannel matrix H includes elements only of a real number term Re or Re″as seen in FIG. 12B. Also the inverse matrix H⁻¹ to the channel matrix Hincludes elements only of a real number term Re′ or Re′″. In otherwords, elements of desired waves in the first row in the first columnand in the second row in the second column include only a real numberterm, and also elements of unnecessary waves in the first row in thesecond column and in the second row in the first column include only areal number term. Therefore, the MIMO processing amount can be reduced.

In this instance, since no imaginary number term, that is, no quadraturecomponent, exists, if the modulation method where the presentconfigurational example is not applied is modulation which originallyinvolves no quadrature component like, for example the ASK method, ademodulation circuit for a quadrature component, that is, a quadraturedetection circuit, is not required in the demodulation functional unit8400.

FIG. 12C illustrates a state of transmission signals of individualchannels where a MIMO process is carried out applying the path condition2 where the modulation method where the present configurational exampleis not applied is the ASK method. As seen in FIG. 12C, components of thefirst channel ch1 are received as a composite signal of an I-axiscomponent (Ch1_I) of an original desired value, that is, a desired wavefor a desired signal, and an I-axis component (Ch2_I′) of an unnecessarywave for an unnecessary signal originating from the second channel ch2by the antenna 236_1. Components of the second channel ch2 are receivedas a composite signal of an I-axis component (Ch2_I) of an originaldesired wave for a desired signal and an I-axis component (Ch1_I′) of anunnecessary wave for an unnecessary signal originating from the firstchannel ch1 by the antenna 236_2. As can be recognized from FIG. 12C, inthe MIMO process on the reception side, only it is necessary to cancel acomponent of an unnecessary component which appears as an in-phasecomponent with respect to the desired wave, and the demodulationfunctional unit 8400 does not require a quadrature detection circuit.

FIG. 12D shows a MIMO processor 604B of the second example correspondingto FIG. 12C and preceding stage circuits including the antenna 236,amplifier 8224 and demodulation functional unit 8400.

The demodulation functional unit 8400 includes an amplitude detectioncircuit 8403 for each channel. As described hereinabove, amplitudedetection circuit 8403 in the present embodiment uses not synchronousdetection but envelope detection or square-law detection to demodulate asignal regarding a desired wave and a signal regarding an unnecessarywave.

The amplitude detection circuit 8403 for the first channel suppliesdemodulation outputs of the first channel ch1 of a desired signal andthe second channel ch2 of an unnecessary signal to the filter processor8410. From the filter processor 8410, a composite component of ademodulation signal CH1_I of the first channel ch1 of a desired signaland a component CH2_I′ of the second channel ch2 of an unnecessarysignal is outputted.

Also the amplitude detection circuit 8403 for the second channelsimilarly supplies demodulation outputs of the second channel ch2 of adesired signal and the first channel ch1 of an unnecessary signal to thefilter processor 8410. From the filter processor 8410, a compositecomponent of a component CH2_I of the second channel ch2 of a desiredsignal and a component CH1_I′ of the first channel ch1 of an unnecessarysignal is outputted.

The MIMO processor 604B carries out an inverse matrix calculationprocess by analog processing and includes four multipliers 622, 624, 626and 628 and two adders 625 and 629. To the multipliers 622 and 626, thedemodulation signal CH1_I+CH2_I′ outputted from the filter processor8410 of the first channel is inputted, and to the multipliers 624 and628, the modulation signal CH2_I+CH1_I′ outputted from the filterprocessor 8410 of the second channel is inputted.

The multiplier 622 multiplies or amplifies the modulation signalCH1_I+CH2_I′ by or with an element, which is a real number term Re′, inthe first row in the first column of the inverse matrix. The multiplier624 multiplies or amplifies the modulation signal CH2_I+CH1_I′ by orwith an element, which is a real number term Re′″, in the first row inthe second column of the inverse matrix. The multiplier 626 multipliesor amplifies the modulation signal CH1_I+CH2_I′ by or with an element,which is the real number term Re′″, in the second row in the firstcolumn of the inverse matrix. The multiplier 628 multiplies or amplifiesthe modulation signal CH2_I+CH1_I′ by or with an element, which is thereal number term Re′, in the second row in the second column of theinverse matrix. It is to be noted that, if an element of the matrix isin the negative, then it is inverted and then amplified.

Each of the adders 625 and 629 adds a gain R′ correction amount for acomposite component of a demodulation signal of the self channelreceived as a desired wave and demodulated in the self channel and ademodulation signal for the other channel received as an unnecessarywave and demodulated in the self channel and a gain R′″ correctionamount for a composite component for a demodulation signal of the otherchannel received as a desired wave and demodulated in the other channeland a demodulation signal of the self channel received as an unnecessarywave and demodulated in the other channel. By such addition, ademodulation component of the other channel demodulated by thedemodulation process in the self channel is cancelled to obtain atransmission-subject channel for the self channel.

In particular, the adder 625 adds a signal CH1_Re′+Ch2_Re′ outputtedfrom the multiplier 622 and a signal Ch2_Re′″+Ch1_Re′″ outputted fromthe multiplier 624. By the addition, an interference component based onthe unnecessary wave from the second channel is canceled and atransmission-subject signal of the first channel is acquired.

Similarly, the adder 629 adds a signal Ch2_Re′+Ch1_Re′ outputted fromthe multiplier 628 and a signal Ch1_Re′″+Ch2_Re′″ outputted from themultiplier 626. By the addition, an interference component based on theunnecessary wave from the first channel is canceled and atransmission-subject signal of the second channel is acquired.

In this manner, where the modulation method in the case wherein thepresent configurational example is not applied is the ASK method and thenumber of antennas is two, by carrying out the MIMO process on thereception side applying the path condition 2, the number of times bywhich real number calculation must be carried out in inverse matrixcalculation by the MIMO processor 604B is four, and the number of addersis two. Thus, the number of times of real number multiplication can bereduced to ¼ and the number of adders can be reduced from those in thecase wherein the path condition 2 of the present embodiment is notapplied. The demodulation functional unit 8400 does not require ademodulation circuit for a quadrature component, that is, a quadraturedetection circuit, and the amplitude detection circuit 8403 adoptedsquare-law detection or envelop detection can be used. Thus, the circuitconfiguration on the reception side is simplified in comparison withthat where the path condition 1 shown in FIGS. 11A to 11D is applied.

[Phase Characteristic which Depends Upon Directivity]

FIG. 13 illustrates a countermeasure method where an antenna has a phasecharacteristic which relies upon directivity. In FIGS. 9A to 12D, theantenna pairs are arranged in a “facing” relationship to each other suchthat the antennas may not have a phase characteristic which relies uponthe directivity. In contrast, where the antenna pairs have a phasecharacteristic φa which relies upon the directivity, it is necessary totake an influence not only of the path difference Δd but also of thephase characteristic φa into consideration. Basically, the influence ofthe phase characteristic φa should be eliminated in the followingmanner.

In FIG. 13, reference character θ1 denotes an incidence angle of adesired wave of the first channel to the antenna 236_1 which correspondsto a radiation angle of the desired wave from the antenna 136_1 whichthus cooperates with the antenna 236_1 to form the first antenna pair.The angle θ1 also is an incidence angle of a desired wave of the secondchannel to the antenna 236_2 which corresponds to a radiation angle ofthe desired wave from the antenna 136_2 which thus cooperates with theantenna 236_2 to form the second antenna pair. Here, the angle θ1 has avalue close to zero. Meanwhile, reference character θ2 denotes anincidence angle of an unnecessary wave of the first channel to theantenna 236_1 which corresponds to a radiation angle of the unnecessarywave from the antenna 136_2. Further, since the angle θ1 is close tozero, the angle θ2 is also an incidence angle of an unnecessary wave ofthe second channel to the antenna 236_2 which correspond to theradiation angle of the unnecessary wave from the antenna 136_1.

Although detailed description of a derivation process of expressions isomitted, if an influence amount of the phase characteristic φa isconverted into and represented by a distance, then it is given by anexpression (5-1). Further, if the path condition 1 is re-calculated withthe influence amount taken into consideration, then it is represented byan expression (5-2) given below. If the path condition 2 isre-calculated with the influence amount taken into consideration, thenit is represented by an expression (5-3) given below. In all cases, theinfluence amount of the phase characteristic φa is corrected.

Conversion of influence amount of phase difference into distance

$\begin{matrix}\left. \begin{matrix}{\lambda \; c\left\{ \frac{{\varphi_{a}\left( \theta_{2} \right)} - {\varphi_{a}\left( \theta_{1} \right)}}{\pi} \right\} \mspace{14mu} \left( {5\text{-}1} \right)} \\{{\Delta \; d} = {{{d\; 2} - {d\; 1}} = {\lambda \; c\left\{ {\frac{n}{2} + \frac{1}{4} - \frac{{\varphi_{a}\left( \theta_{2} \right)} - {\varphi_{a}\left( \theta_{1} \right)}}{\pi}} \right\} \mspace{14mu} \left( {5\text{-}2} \right)}}} \\{{\Delta \; d} = {{{d\; 2} - {d\; 1}} = {\lambda \; c\left\{ {\frac{n}{2} - \frac{{\varphi_{a}\left( \theta_{2} \right)} - {\varphi_{a}\left( \theta_{1} \right)}}{\pi}} \right\} \mspace{14mu} \left( {5\text{-}3} \right)}}}\end{matrix} \right\} & (5)\end{matrix}$

[Application to Three or More Channels]

FIGS. 14 and 15 illustrate a countermeasure method where three or moreantenna pairs are involved. Also where the number of antenna pairsincreases to three or more, if the path difference Δd is set so as tosatisfy the path condition 1, then a channel matrix and an inversematrix to the channel matrix include only elements of a real number termor an imaginary number term similarly as in the case wherein two antennapairs are involved. In particular, an element of a desired wave wherei=j includes only a real number term Re, but an element of anunnecessary wave where i≠j includes only an imaginary number term Im.

Further, as seen in FIG. 15, even where three or more antenna pairs areinvolved, if the path difference Δd is set so as to satisfy the pathcondition 2, then a channel matrix and an inverse matrix to the channelmatrix come to include elements only of a real number term similarly asin the case wherein two antenna pairs are involved. In particular, anelement of a desired wave where i=j includes only a real number term Re,and also an element of an unnecessary wave where i≠j includes only areal number term Re. A combination denoted by an ellipsis in FIG. 15represents a subject of consideration of a constraint condition.

Generally where the number of channels is M, as can be presupposed froma channel matrix, in regard to both of the path conditions 1 and 2, itis necessary for real number multiplication to be carried out, in suchbiaxial modulation as the QPSK, by 2·M² times, and in such uniaxialmodulation as the ASK method or the BPSK method, by M² times. Thissignifies that, where the number of antenna pairs is three or more, ifan approach similar to that where the number of antenna pairs is two isapplied simply as it is, then the calculation amount in the real numbercalculation increases in proportion to the square of the antenna pairnumber.

Therefore, in the present embodiment, where the number of antenna pairsis three or more, a countermeasure is taken based on the characteristicof the antenna arrangement described above such that the number of timesof real number calculation may not increase in proportion to the squareof the channel number, that is, increase of the number of times of realnumber calculation may be suppressed. In particular, attention is paidto the fact that the influence of an interference wave from an adjacentantenna is highest and that the influence of an interference wave fromthe other antennas is comparatively lower. By this, an antenna distanceis determined taking an unnecessary wave or interference wave from anadjacent antenna into consideration and is applied also to the otherantennas.

By the countermeasure, for example, where the path condition 1 isapplied, with regard to the inner side channels except the opposite endchannels, it becomes necessary to take only the real number term of anantenna 136 of a desired wave and the imaginary number term regardingthose antennas 136 of an unnecessary wave positioned on the oppositesides of the antenna 136 into consideration. In particular, whenattention is paid to the ith channel, only a desired wave from the ithantenna 136 _(—) i to the antenna 236 _(—) i and an unnecessary wavefrom the i−1th antenna 136 _(—) i to the antenna 236 _(—) i as well asan unnecessary wave from the i+1th antenna 136 _(—) i+1 to the antenna236 _(—) i should be taken into consideration. Therefore, in the ith rowof a channel matrix and an inverse matrix to the channel matrix, theelement of a desired wave in the ith column becomes a real number termand the elements of an unnecessary wave in the i−1th column and thei+1th column become an imaginary number term while the other elements ofan unnecessary wave become zero.

Where the path condition 2 is applied, on the inner side channels exceptthe opposite end channels, it is necessary to take only the real numberterm regarding an antenna 136 of a desired wave and the real number termregarding those antennas 136 of an unnecessary wave positioned on theopposite sides of the antenna 136 into consideration. In particular,when attention is paid to the ith channel, only it is necessary to takea desired wave from the ith antenna 136 _(—) i to the antenna 236 _(—) iand an unnecessary wave from the i−1th antenna 136 _(—) i−1 to theantenna 236 _(—) i as well as an unnecessary wave from the i+1th antenna136 _(—) i+1 to the antenna 236 _(—) i into consideration. Therefore, inthe ith row of a channel matrix and an inverse matrix to the channelmatrix, the element of a desired wave in the ith column becomes a realnumber term and also the elements of an unnecessary wave in the i−1thcolumn and the i+1th column become a real number term while the otherelements of an unnecessary wave become zero.

In regard to both of the path conditions 1 and 2, the number of times ofreal number multiplication for the opposite end channels is two, and thenumber of times of real number multiplication for the inner sidechannels except the opposite end channels is three. Thus, the MIMOprocessing amount can be reduced from that where the present techniqueis not applied.

In particular, where the number of channels is M which is an integerequal to or greater than 3, in the case of both of the path conditions 1and 2, the number of times of real number calculation is, in the case ofbiaxial modulation such as the QPSK, 2·{2.2+(M−2)·3}, but in the case ofuniaxial modulation such as the ASK method or the BPSK method,{2.2+(M−2)·3}. This signifies that, where the number of antenna pairs isthree or more, the calculation amount of real number calculation can bereduced from that where an approach similar to that where the number ofantenna pairs is two is applied simply as it is.

[Application to Three-Dimensional Arrangement]

FIGS. 16A and 16B illustrate an application technique of a MIMO process,which is applied to the reception side described hereinabove withreference to FIGS. 7A to 15, to a case wherein transmission andreception antennas are arranged three-dimensionally.

The matter described hereinabove with reference to FIGS. 7A to 15 isapplication examples to a case wherein antennas 136 on the transmissionside and antennas 236 on the reception side are arrangedtwo-dimensionally.

However, the mechanism for reducing the MIMO processing amount on thereception side in the present embodiment can be applied not only to acase wherein transmission and reception antennas are arrangedtwo-dimensionally but also to another case wherein transmission andreception antennas are arranged three-dimensionally as seen in FIG. 16B.

For example, in FIG. 16B, seven antennas 136_1 to 136_7 are arranged ina spaced relationship by a distance G from each other on a semiconductorchip 103 on the transmission side, and antennas 236_@ are provided on asemiconductor chip 203_@ in a facing relationship with the antennas136_@. Also the antennas 236_@ are provided in a spaced relationship bythe distance G from each other.

While, in FIG. 16B, only a desired wave from the semiconductor chip 103on the transmission side to the semiconductor chip 203 on the receptionside is illustrated, as regards unnecessary waves between those antennaswhich are not disposed in a facing relationship with each other, asimilar approach to that in the case of the two-dimensional arrangementdescribed hereinabove may be applied. Also in the three-dimensionalarrangement, similar operation and effects to those describedhereinabove can be achieved by setting the path difference Δd of desiredwaves and unnecessary waves so as to satisfy the path condition 2described hereinabove.

Incidentally, the places at which the antennas 236 of the semiconductorchip 203 are arranged with respect to the antennas 136 of thesemiconductor chip 103 are positioned basically on a plane parallel tothe plane of the semiconductor chip 103, that is, of the antennas 136. Aminimum cell formed from the antennas 136 or the antennas 236 is aregular triangle.

Where unnecessary waves or interference waves from the antennas on theopposite sides adjacent a desired wave are considered, a channel matrixto be applied to the three dimensions may be studied paying attention toa state of a regular hexagon as seen in FIG. 16B. For example, it isassumed that a channel of a desired wave is provided by the antennas136_1 and 236_1 at the center of a regular hexagon. In other words, adesired wave is transmitted from the antenna 136_1 at the center of theregular triangle on the transmission side to the antenna 236_1 at thecenter of the regular hexagon on the reception side. At this time, theadjacent antennas which make a subject of analysis of unnecessary wavesto the antenna 236_1 are the antennas 136_2 to 136_7 arranged at thevertices of the regular polygon.

[Digital MIMO Process]

FIGS. 17A and 17B illustrate a basic technique where the MIMO process onthe reception side is carried out by digital processing. In theconfiguration shown in FIG. 11D as the reference example where theantenna arrangement is set so as to satisfy the path condition 1 and theconfiguration shown in FIG. 12D where the antenna arrangement is set soas to satisfy the path condition 2, the MIMO processor 604 (604A and604B) is ready for analog processing.

However, the inverse matrix calculation by the MIMO processor 604 is notnecessarily carried out by an analog circuit but may be carried outdigital signal processing if there is no problem in the processingspeed. In this instance, an analog signal after a demodulation processoutputted from the demodulation functional unit 8400 or after a LPFprocess outputted from the filter processor 8410 should be supplied tothe MIMO processor 604 after it is converted into a digital signal.

However, FIG. 17A illustrates an example of a countermeasure for theconfiguration of FIG. 11D ready for the path condition 1 as thereference example, and FIG. 17B illustrates an example of acountermeasure for the configuration of FIG. 12D ready for the pathcondition 2 which is adopted in the present embodiment. In bothexamples, an AD converter 632 (ADC) is interposed between the filterprocessor 8410 and the MIMO processor 604. No alternation is applied tothe other part. Though not shown, if also the LPF process is to becarried out digitally, the AD converter 632 should be interposed betweenthe demodulation functional unit 8400 and the filter processor 8410.

<Reception MIMO System>

FIGS. 18 to 21D show particular applications (hereinafter referred to asreception MIMO systems) of the MIMO process applied to the receptionside described hereinabove with reference to FIGS. 7A to 17B. Thereception MIMO system 4A of the first embodiment shown in FIG. 18 has aconfiguration ready for a case wherein “n” which prescribes the pathcondition is an even number (n=2m:m is a positive integer). Thereception MIMO system 4B of the second embodiment shown in FIG. 19 has aconfiguration ready for a case wherein “n” which prescribes the pathcondition is an odd number (n=2m−1:m is a positive integer). In FIGS. 18and 19, a 1:1 configuration is shown wherein, while M channels areinvolved, the transmission side has a one-chip configuration and alsothe reception side has a one-chip configuration. However, a 1:Nconfiguration may otherwise be used wherein a semiconductor chip 203 isused for each channel on the reception side. FIGS. 20A to 20C illustratea situation of a composite signal of a desired wave and an unnecessarywave received by an antenna 236. FIGS. 21A to 21D illustrate differencebetween envelop detection and square-law detection.

In the reception MIMO system 4A of the present embodiment, the amplitudedetection circuit 8403 of the demodulation functional unit 8400 on thereception side does not apply quadrature detection or synchronousdetection but applies envelope detection or square-low detection.Further, taking a combination with the envelope detection or thesquare-law detection into consideration, all of the M channels adopt amethod which modulates only the amplitude, here, the ASK method.

The antenna arrangement is set such that the path difference Δdsatisfies the path condition 2. In particular, the antennas 136 and 236are arranged so that the relationship of the path differenceΔd=(n/2+¼)λc may be approached. Since the path condition 2 is applied,the MIMO processor 601B of the second example described hereinabove withreference to FIG. 12D is used as the MIMO processor 604.

More preferably, the antenna arrangement is set such that particularly nin the path condition 2 may be an even number, that is, Δd=mλc may besatisfied, as in the first embodiment shown in FIG. 18. Naturally, it isnot excluded that the antenna arrangement is set such that n in the pathcondition 2 is an odd number, that is, Δd=(m−½)λc is satisfied, as inthe second embodiment shown in FIG. 19.

While, according to the envelope detection, an envelope of an inputsignal is outputted as it is as seen from FIG. 21A, according to thesquare-law detection, a result of squaring an envelope of an inputsignal is outputted as seen from FIG. 21B. Therefore, although anenvelope detection output exhibits a linear variation with respect tothe input signal as seen in FIGS. 21C and 21D, according to thesquare-law detection, the degree of the influence of squaring variesdepending upon the level of the input signal and the square-lawdetection output exhibits a nonlinear variation. Therefore, thesquare-law detection has a difficult point that a result of an ordinaryMIMO process which carries out linear processing becomes ratherinaccurate. Further, as can be recognized from FIGS. 21C and 21D, whenthe reception signal level is low, the demodulation output as a resultof the square-law detection becomes prominently low. Therefore, thesquare-law detection cannot be adopted willingly where the compositesignal level of a desired wave and an unnecessary wave is low.

Therefore, where inaccuracy or nonlinearity cannot be accepted, a MIMOprocess should be used in combination with an envelope detection output.However, where inaccuracy can be accepted, it is possible to use a MIMOprocess in combination with the square-law detection and theconfiguration of the first embodiment shown in FIG. 14 will be adopted.

On the other hand, where “n” is an odd number, since the average valueof the composite signal is low, a MIMO process is preferably combinedwith the envelope detection, and since it is actually difficult to adopta combination of a MIMO process with the square-low detection, theconfiguration of the second embodiment shown in FIG. 19 will be adopted.

Here, as can be supposed from FIGS. 10A to 10C, the magnitude of theaverage level of the received composite signal is influenced by whethern is an even number or an odd number. Specifically, where n is an evennumber as seen in FIG. 21A, since the real number term or cos term is inthe positive as seen in FIG. 10B, that is, there is no phase delay andthe phase is same, a desired phase and an unnecessary wave appear in thesame phase. Therefore, the effective carrier signal component of the ASKincreases. In other words, the average value of the composite signalreceived by the antenna 236 on the reception side increases certainly,and The phase of the composite signal cannot be reversed.

For example, the OOK is assumed as an example of the ASK in order tofacilitate understandings. Where the desired wave is “1,” theunnecessary wave level is lower than the desired wave level, andtherefore, even if the unnecessary wave is “1,” the phase of thereception signal is not reversed. Therefore, even if the demodulationfunctional unit 8400 carries out the envelope detection or thesquare-law detection, demodulation of a composite signal of a desiredwave and an unnecessary wave can be carried out appropriately. Since thephase of the reception signal is not reversed irrespective of themodulation degree, that is, even by application of the OOK, theamplitude information is maintained by both of the envelope detectionand the square-law detection and the individual signals can be received.

Where “n” is an even number in application of the path condition 2, theaverage value of a desired wave and an unnecessary wave is high.Therefore, the combination of a MIMO process with the envelope detectioncan naturally be adopted as in the case of the first embodiment shown inFIG. 18. Further, where inaccuracy can be accepted, also the combinationwith the square-law detection can be adopted.

On the other hand, where n is an odd number as seen in FIG. 21B, sincethe real number term or cos term is in the negative as seen in FIG. 10Bbecause there is a phase delay of π or the phase is reversed, anunnecessary wave appears in the opposite phase to that of a desiredwave. Therefore, an effective carrier signal component of the ASK dropsin level. In other words, the average value of the composite signalreceived by the antenna 236 on the reception side decreases.

Thus, where “n” is an odd number, since the desired wave and theunnecessary wave at the antenna 236 on the reception side have anopposite phase relationship to each other and the phase of the compositesignal of them may possibly be reversed, the reception signal or thecomposite signal may possibly become like that of the BPSK.

For example, the OOK is assumed as an example of the ASK in order tofacilitate understandings. In case of OOK, when the desired wave is “0,”if the unnecessary wave is “1,” then the phase of the composite signalis reversed. Accordingly, if the demodulation functional unit 8400carries out the envelope detection or the square-law detection directly,then modulation of the composite signal of the desired wave and theunnecessary wave cannot be carried out appropriately.

If this is taken into consideration, then where the path condition 2 isapplied, when the demodulation functional unit 8400 carries out theenvelope detection or the square-law detection, it is preferable to set“n” to an even number (n=2m) and arrange the antennas so that the pathdifference Δd may approach the relationship of mλc thereby to adopt theconfiguration of the first embodiment shown in FIG. 18. By this, thephases of a desired wave and an unnecessary wave can be adjusted to eachother, and amplitude information of the desired wave and the unnecessarywave is maintained even if the envelope detection or the square-lawdetection is applied. Also this is an application of the path condition2, and the channel matrix H or the inverse matrix H⁻¹ of the sameincludes elements only of real numbers. Consequently, the MIMOprocessing amount can be reduced.

On the other hand, where the path condition 2 is applied, if “n” is setto an odd number (n=2m−1) and the antennas are arranged so that the pathdifference Δd may approach (m−½)λc, then level drop or phase reversal ofthe reception signal can possibly occur. Therefore, also it is difficultto directly adopt the configuration of the second embodiment shown inFIG. 19.

However, even where the path difference Δd satisfies the path condition2 and “n” is set to an odd number (n=2m−1), the difficulty describedabove can be coped with by lowering the modulation degree on thetransmission side in advance so that phase reversal of a compositesignal of a desired wave and an unnecessary wave may not occur as seenin FIGS. 21C and 21D. In particular, where a minimum signal level of adesired wave received by the antenna 236 is represented by a and amaximum signal amplitude level of an unnecessary wave received by theantenna 236 is represented by b as seen in FIG. 21C, the modulationdegree should be set so as to satisfy a>b.

Where the modulation degree is lowered by an amount corresponding to thereception amplitude of a signal component of the unnecessary wave on thetransmission side, even where “n” is set to an odd number in applicationof the path condition 2, phase reversal of the composite signal of thedesired wave and the unnecessary wave can be prevented as seen in FIG.21D. Thus, demodulation of the composite signal can be assured.

Since the demodulation degree is lowered, it is actually difficult toapply the OOK. However, by setting the modulation degree appropriatelyso that the phase of the reception signal may not be reversed, amplitudeinformation is maintained in both of the envelope detection and thesquare-law detection, and individual signals can be received. It is tobe noted that, since the level of the composite signal of the desiredwave and the unnecessary wave is low, only it is actually possible toapply the envelope detection while application of the square-lawdetection is very difficult as in the case of the configuration of thesecond embodiment shown in FIG. 14A.

The present application contains subject matter related to thatdisclosed in Japanese Priority Patent Application JP 2009-223683 filedin the Japan Patent Office on Sep. 29, 2009, the entire content of whichis hereby incorporated by reference.

It should be understood by those skilled in the art that variousmodifications, combinations, sub-combinations and alterations may occurdepending on design requirements and other factor in so far as they arewithin the scope of the appended claims or the equivalents thereof.

What is claimed is:
 1. A wireless transmission system comprising: atransmission side antenna configured to emit an electromagnetic wave; adifferent transmission side antenna configured to emit a differentelectromagnetic wave; a reception side antenna configured to receivesaid electromagnetic wave and said different electromagnetic wave; adifferent reception side configured to receive said electromagnetic waveand said different electromagnetic wave, wherein a desired waveinter-antenna distance separates said different transmission sideantenna from said different reception side antenna, an undesired waveinter-antenna distance separating said different transmission sideantenna from said reception side antenna.
 2. The wireless transmissionsystem according to claim 1, wherein said desired wave inter-antennadistance separates said transmission side antenna from said receptionside antenna, said undesired wave inter-antenna distance separating saidtransmission side antenna from said different reception side antenna. 3.The wireless transmission system according to claim 1, wherein saiddesired wave inter-antenna distance differs from said undesired waveinter-antenna distance.
 4. The wireless transmission system according toclaim 1, wherein said transmission side antenna is spaced apart fromsaid different transmission side antenna.
 5. The wireless transmissionsystem according to claim 1, wherein said reception side antenna isspaced apart from said different reception side antenna.
 6. The wirelesstransmission system according to claim 1, wherein said transmission sideantenna and said different transmission side antenna are on atransmission side semiconductor chip.
 7. The wireless transmissionsystem according to claim 1, wherein said reception side antenna andsaid different reception side antenna are on a reception sidesemiconductor chip.
 8. The wireless transmission system according toclaim 1, further comprising: a modulation functional unit configured tomodulate a data signal with a carrier signal, said data signal modulatedwith said carrier signal being said electromagnetic wave.
 9. Thewireless transmission system according to claim 1, further comprising: adifferent modulation functional unit configured to modulate a differentdata signal with a different carrier signal, said different data signalmodulated with said different carrier signal being said differentelectromagnetic wave.
 10. The wireless transmission system according toclaim 1, further comprising: a demodulation functional unit configuredto demodulate said electromagnetic wave into an information signal. 11.The wireless transmission system according to claim 1, furthercomprising: a different demodulation functional unit configured todemodulate said different electromagnetic wave into a differentinformation signal.
 12. The wireless transmission system according toclaim 1, further comprising: a processor configured to perform acorrection calculation process, said correction calculation processusing a demodulated signal and a different demodulated signal, whereinsaid electromagnetic wave is demodulated to become said demodulatedsignal, said different electromagnetic wave being demodulated to becomesaid different demodulated signal.